1- Functional neuroanatomy Flashcards
Cognition
Mentale functies die te maken hebben met verwerken van informatie (e.g. memory, perception, reasoning, vision.)
Grey matter
Outside, cell bodies of neurons & dendrites
White matter
Inside (fibres) axons which are mylenated (electrical action potential travels down the axon terminal)
Neuroimaging
Allows to see the white matter tracks
Corpus collosum function
Connects hemispheres and allows them to communicate
Neurons are made of 3 parts
Axon, cell body and dendrites
Axon
1, myelinated, controls action potential
Dendrites
Many, NO myelination, receives input from other cells and puts it in cell body.
Integration zone (in dendrites of neuron)
Zone where all info accumulates (ophopen), reaches treshold and then the AP is fired down the axon
Visual neurons fire when
There is visual input in a particular visual region (visual receptive field of a neuron)
4 steps of neural communication
- AP is fired at axon hillock (connection between cell body and axon)
- AP (the info) travels down axon to axon terminals
- Axon terminals are attached to dendrites next neuron
- Pre synaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters to post synaptic neuron its receptors.
Neurotransmission happens in synaptic cleft (space between pro and post synapse) and can be 2 ways
Chemical and electrical
Glial cells - function and 3 types
Function: Support and give structure to neuronal activity
Astrocytes, microglial, oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Monitor & receive input.
Star shaped and provides structural support
Microglial= vuilnisman
Remove debris (afval) from injured cells
= VUILNISMAN
(Ze lossen het puin op van kapotte cellen)
Oligodendrocytes
Cause myelanation (fat around axon)
Peripheral nervous system is divided in
Somatic and autonomic
Somatic nervous system (PNS)
Part of PNS we can control.
- Controls movement
- Receives sensory information from the body and from the sensory organs of the head.
Made up of 2 anatomic groups: cranial and spinal nerves.
Cranial nerves
Nerve connected directly to the brain.
Sensory and motor cranial nerves.
Sensory nerves (Cranial nerves)
Input of information.
Sensory nerves convey sensory info from PNS to CNS.
Sensory cranial nerves are:
Olfactory (carry smell info)
Optic (carry visual info)
Motor nerves (Cranial nerves0
Output of information.
Motor nerves transmit motor information from CNS (brian and spine) to the muscles, organs, and glands.
Motor cranial nerve:
Oculomtor (eye movement)
Spinal nerves
(Somatic nerves) Nerve emerges from the spinal cord.
Receive input in back of spinal cord (dorsal root)
Output in the front of the spinal cord (ventral root)
Autonomic nervous system (PNS)
Part of PNS
Controls glands and smooth muscles of internal organs
Dived in to: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Sympathetic (Autonomic nervous system) (PNS)
- Stimulator
- Prepares body for action
- Fight or flight response
(blood pressure increases, the pupils of the eyes dilate, and the heart rate quickens)
Parasympathetic (Autonomic nervous system (PNS)
- Inhibitor
- Helps body relax and prepare for future action
- Rest and digest response
(slow heart rate: because in rest)
4 brain lobes FPOT
Frontol, parietal, occipital and temporal lobe
Sagital slice
Left and right
Horizontal slice
Upper and bottom
Coronal
Front and back
Up, towards the top of the skull
Superior, dorsal
Down, towards the spine
Inferior/Ventral
Front, towards the face
Anterior/rostral
Back, away face towards back of the head
Rear/posterior/caudal
Inwards, towards the midline
Medial
Outwards, towards the ears
Lateral
Cingulate gyrus is involved in
Reward processing
Thalamus is involved in
Sensory processing
Hypothalamus is involved in
Stress
Pituitary gland is involved in
Growth/blood pressure
Pinael gland is involved in
Sleep rythm
Electrical stimulation
Produce movement and sensation (somatosensory and motor)
Multisensory neurons
Fire to the presence of different stimuli (auditory & visual)
Basal ganglia is involved in
Motor
Limbic system is involved in
emotion
Ventricles (holtes in hersenen) have a function of
Protection.
Shock absorber, fluid exchange of nutrients (trough blood vessels, brain tissue)
Blood vessels function
Oxygen supply to the brain
Neuro imagining
Show anatomy
Records activity
FMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) you can see
where oxygen in flowing (in all slices of the brain) therefore identifies which brian regions are active during a task.
Spatial resolution
EEG (electroencephalography)
Using electrodes, measures electrical activity of neurons.
Temporal resolution
