5 - chemistry of the brain

Question 1

synaptic cleft

Answer 1

space in between pre–synaptic terminal and dendrite of next neuron

Question 2

Metabolic tolerance

Answer 2

Organ system will become more effective at eliminating the drugs (filtering them out)
BC YOU CREATE TOLERANCE

Question 3

Functional tolerance

Answer 3

Target tissue may show altered sensitive to the drug. You become less sensitive to a drug

YOU BUILD UP TOLERANCE –> LESS EFFECT/SENSITIVE

Question 4

Down regulation of functional tolerance

Answer 4

Because many receptors are stimulated, the amount of receptors will decrease to control the effect.

This leads to only ending up with 1 receptor left.
You need higher dose to effect fewer receptors

Question 5

Agonist (drug)

Answer 5

Increases the effect of neurotransmitters

substance which initiates a physiological response when combined with a receptor

Question 6

Withdrawel symptoms - DINSDAG DIP

Answer 6

If you stop using a drug, it can lead to sometimes inverse effects of the drug

(happy drug will mean you get sad after using it)

Question 7

Ipregulation of functional tolerance

Answer 7

If antagonist are blocking receptors, number of receptors will increase to successful stimulus.

Question 8

4 ways to take drugs

Answer 8

1) ingest
2) inhale
3) peripheral injection
4) central injection

Question 9

On which 3 things do drugs have an effect?

Answer 9

Production, release and clearance of neurotransmitters

Question 10

3 types of drugs

Answer 10

1) antipsychotics (anti psychose)
2) antidepressent
3) anxiolytics (anti anxiety, dus kalmeren je zoals Xanax)

Question 11

Alcohol causes GABA increase, this leads to

Answer 11

Social disinhibiting (ontremming)
Loss of motor coordination

Question 12

Peripheral injection

Answer 12

Injection in gewrichten (joints) en ledematen (limbs)

Question 13

Ligans is synonym for

Answer 13

Neurotransmitter, it is signaling molecule

Question 14

Which receptor is direct?

Answer 14

Iontropic

Question 15

Which major neurotransmitter pathway is important in motor control and reward processing

Answer 15

Dopaminergic pathway

Question 16

The process that initiated by stimulation metabotropic receptors is (speed?)

Answer 16

SLOW

Question 17

Neurotransmitter reuptake, way to clean up NT

Answer 17

NT is taken back in to pre-synaptic and recycled

Question 18

The use of SSRis results in

Answer 18

More serotonine available in synaptic cleft

Question 19

A wide therapeutic index means

Answer 19

Distance is large between ED50 and LD50, the drug is safe to use

Question 20

In longterm the use of a dopamine agonist can cause (XTC bijvoorbeeld?)

Answer 20

Down regulation of post synaptic DA receptors
(Dus receptors voor dopamine werken niet meer goed, kan dus slecht aangemaakt worden)

Question 21

MAO inhibitors (enzyme) affect chemical neurotransmission by

Answer 21

breaking down neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft,
make more neurotransmitters available

Question 22

4 groups of neurotransmitters

Answer 22

1) Amines
2) Amino acids
3) Neuropeptides
4) Gases

Question 23

Fast and direct type of receptor

Answer 23

Ionotropic

Question 24

Slow and indirect type of receptor

Answer 24

Metabotropic

Question 25

Endogenous ligand (neurotransmitter)

Answer 25

Key and lock. It binds to receptor

Question 26

neurotransmitter are cleaned up in 3 ways

Answer 26

1) the outflow into post synaptic is controlled by autoreceptors in the pre synaptic 2) reuptake 3) in cleft, enzymes break the neurotransmitter down

Question 27

4 pathways of neurotransmitters

Answer 27

1) cholinergic 2) dopaminergic 3) noradrenergic 4) serotonergic

Question 28

The dopaminergic pathways is involved in

Answer 28

Reward and reinforcement

Question 29

The Noradrenergic pathed is involved in

Answer 29

active processes, such as arousal, alertness fight or flight (sympathetic)

Question 30

The serotonergic pathways is involved in the regulation of

Answer 30

Eating, mood and emotions

Question 31

low GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter) levels will lead to

Answer 31

depression, anxiety, autsim

Question 32

Peptides (neurotransmitter) are involved in the management of

Answer 32

Pain

Question 33

ED50

Answer 33

effective dosis van drugs (effective for 50% sample)

Question 34

LD50

Answer 34

lethal dose of a drug (dodelijk dosis)

Question 35

4 effects of alcohol

Answer 35

1) GABA increase Loss motor coordin. 2) Dopamine agonist (increase) Rewarding effects 3) Glutamate antagonist (decrease) Less excitement, numbing 4) Serotonine increase Better mood

Question 36

Korsakoff is caused by

Answer 36

B1 vitamin deficiency