5 - chemistry of the brain Flashcards
synaptic cleft
space in between pre–synaptic terminal and dendrite of next neuron
Metabolic tolerance
Organ system will become more effective at eliminating the drugs (filtering them out)
BC YOU CREATE TOLERANCE
Functional tolerance
Target tissue may show altered sensitive to the drug. You become less sensitive to a drug
YOU BUILD UP TOLERANCE –> LESS EFFECT/SENSITIVE
Down regulation of functional tolerance
Because many receptors are stimulated, the amount of receptors will decrease to control the effect.
This leads to only ending up with 1 receptor left.
You need higher dose to effect fewer receptors
Agonist (drug)
Increases the effect of neurotransmitters
substance which initiates a physiological response when combined with a receptor
Withdrawel symptoms - DINSDAG DIP
If you stop using a drug, it can lead to sometimes inverse effects of the drug
(happy drug will mean you get sad after using it)
Ipregulation of functional tolerance
If antagonist are blocking receptors, number of receptors will increase to successful stimulus.
4 ways to take drugs
1) ingest
2) inhale
3) peripheral injection
4) central injection
On which 3 things do drugs have an effect?
Production, release and clearance of neurotransmitters
3 types of drugs
1) antipsychotics (anti psychose)
2) antidepressent
3) anxiolytics (anti anxiety, dus kalmeren je zoals Xanax)
Alcohol causes GABA increase, this leads to
Social disinhibiting (ontremming)
Loss of motor coordination
Peripheral injection
Injection in gewrichten (joints) en ledematen (limbs)
Ligans is synonym for
Neurotransmitter, it is signaling molecule
Which receptor is direct?
Iontropic
Which major neurotransmitter pathway is important in motor control and reward processing
Dopaminergic pathway
The process that initiated by stimulation metabotropic receptors is (speed?)
SLOW
Neurotransmitter reuptake, way to clean up NT
NT is taken back in to pre-synaptic and recycled
The use of SSRis results in
More serotonine available in synaptic cleft
A wide therapeutic index means
Distance is large between ED50 and LD50, the drug is safe to use
In longterm the use of a dopamine agonist can cause (XTC bijvoorbeeld?)
Down regulation of post synaptic DA receptors
(Dus receptors voor dopamine werken niet meer goed, kan dus slecht aangemaakt worden)
MAO inhibitors (enzyme) affect chemical neurotransmission by
breaking down neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft,
make more neurotransmitters available
4 groups of neurotransmitters
1) Amines
2) Amino acids
3) Neuropeptides
4) Gases
Fast and direct type of receptor
Ionotropic
Slow and indirect type of receptor
Metabotropic
Endogenous ligand (neurotransmitter)
Key and lock. It binds to receptor
neurotransmitter are cleaned up in 3 ways
1) the outflow into post synaptic is controlled by autoreceptors in the pre synaptic
2) reuptake
3) in cleft, enzymes break the neurotransmitter down
4 pathways of neurotransmitters
1) cholinergic
2) dopaminergic
3) noradrenergic
4) serotonergic
The dopaminergic pathways is involved in
Reward and reinforcement
The Noradrenergic pathed is involved in
active processes, such as arousal, alertness
fight or flight (sympathetic)
The serotonergic pathways is involved in the regulation of
Eating, mood and emotions
low GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter) levels will lead to
depression, anxiety, autsim
Peptides (neurotransmitter) are involved in the management of
Pain
ED50
effective dosis van drugs (effective for 50% sample)
LD50
lethal dose of a drug (dodelijk dosis)
4 effects of alcohol
1) GABA increase
Loss motor coordin.
2) Dopamine agonist (increase)
Rewarding effects
3) Glutamate antagonist (decrease)
Less excitement, numbing
4) Serotonine increase
Better mood
Korsakoff is caused by
B1 vitamin deficiency
