10 - Neural Circuits

Question 1

Neural circuits

Answer 1

A group of neurons who are connected by synapses and carry out a specific function when they are activated.

Question 2

3 important parameters
- that determine connection strength of neurons
- DUS enable specific neural circuits
- (currents)

Answer 2

1) Maximum current
2) Synaptic current
3) Time currents

Question 3

Parameters

Answer 3

Features that can influence how neural circuits work, so how neurons are connected

Question 4

Current

Answer 4

is electrical flow

Question 5

Voltmeter allows to see ..

Answer 5

How a neuron is spiking (sending action potentials)

Question 6

Maximum current

Answer 6

a parameter/property that determines the connection (synapse) strength between neurons

Question 7

Synaptic current

Answer 7

Connection strength of neurons.

Depends on the concentration of neurotransmitter (in the cleft) and number of ion channels

Question 8

Time constant of a synapse

Answer 8

Parameter for connection strength neurons

Indicates for how long the synapse is active following an incoming action potential.

Question 9

What is important in the connection strength of neurons

Answer 9

Synaptic current, time constant of a synapse

Question 10

High resistance of membrane for potassium, means

Answer 10

• not much current
• not much channels

Question 11

EPSPs

Answer 11

EXCITETATORY POST SYNPATIC POTENTIAL

Question 12

Inhibitory neurons

Answer 12

Cause IPSPs, hyperpolarization occurs, inhibits cell and then cannot produce action potentials

Question 13

Time delay from one neuron to the next, how does this create a AP?

Answer 13

The differences in pace, one neuron is slow and other is fast. But the slow one is first activated and then second the other. They end up arriving at the same time and creating an action potential as a result in the next neuron. HAPPENS A LOT IN NERVOUS SYSTEM

Question 14

lateral inhibition

Answer 14

inhibition to the side (lateral)

Question 15

Audition is about perceiving

Answer 15

sound, which is the vibration in air

Question 16

Amplitude

Answer 16

How loud a sound is.
Depends on pressure variation of the sound, amplitude is totale uitstrekking van wave.

Question 17

Frequencies of sound

Answer 17

Corresponds to pitch, depends on how often the tones are (Quick up and down in the wavelength means high frequency)

`important in perception

Question 18

Frequency is important in perception, it lets us distinguish between

Answer 18

Word and music e.g.

Question 19

Function midyear

Answer 19

To get air vibrations in to the fluid vibrations

Question 20

Cochlea base is sensitive to …. frequency sounds

Answer 20

High

Question 21

Cochlea apex (end) is sensitive to … frequency sounds

Answer 21

Low

Question 22

Cochlea membrane respondes differently to different frequencies according to place because

Answer 22

The psychical characteristics of membrane change over the length go the cochlea
- Narrow and stiff at base (high freq.)
- Thin and sloppy at end (low freq.)

Question 23

Tonotopic mapping (of cochlea)

Answer 23

Mapping is according to tone frequency

Question 24

mechanosensitive receptor cells are

Answer 24

sensitive to vibration

Question 25

How are sound/auditory frequencies coded

Answer 25

1) Place coding 2) Temporal coding 3) Population coding DIFFERENT SOUNDS EXCITED NEURONS IN DIFFERENT PLACES

Question 26

Place coding

Answer 26

high frequencies excite membrane at beginning, low frequencies excite membrane at end. The hight of the frequency will determine in which place there is excited.

Question 27

Temporal coding

Answer 27

Phase of acoustic waveform. (Je hebt een waveform van geluid, waarin je een top hebt, op dat moment fired een neuron. In het dal van de wavelength wordt er niet gevuurd.)

Question 28

Population coding

Answer 28

Collective firing of neurons

Question 29

Rate coding

Answer 29

Intensity of a sound

Question 30

Time delay

Answer 30

How much time it takes from 1 neuron to another

Question 31

Duration

Answer 31

How long a signal lasts

Question 32

Horizontal localization is sound coming from

Answer 32

the sides or front

Question 33

If the time constant of an excitatory synapse increases, the post synaptic neuron:

Answer 33

Is more likely to fire

Question 34

How does a neuron normally excite some neurons and inhibit other neurons at the same time?

Answer 34

By using interneurons for part of the connections

Question 35

A function of lateral inhibition is to

Answer 35

Localize stimulus 'edges'

Question 36

A function of inhibition

Answer 36

Prevents too much excitatory epileptic seizures

Question 37

The basilar membrane in the inner ear maps

Answer 37

Different frequencies to place

Question 38

What is temporal coding in audition? Action potential patterns correspond to

Answer 38

Sound wave form phase

Question 39

High frequencies are localised in horizontal space by determining the difference in

Answer 39

Sound intensity between the ears

Question 40

Low frequencies are localised in horizontal space by determining the difference in

Answer 40

Sound latency between the ears

Question 41

Latency

Answer 41

Differencing in timing (how fast or slow (sound is))

Question 42

How can sound latency between the two ears be determined

Answer 42

A circuit with delay lines and coincidence detectors

Question 43

How are different odours coded in the nervous system

Answer 43

Pattern coding

Question 44

Spatial integration

Answer 44

Neurons will only fire AP to rest of position if they get input from both places at the same time. Neurons are coincidence detectors

Question 45

Pattern coding

Answer 45

You map a number of different receptor cells and combine them to code for many more compounds (Each odourant has multiple targets for receptor binding sites. Activation pattern across the 4 receptors types thus enables 16 different odorant's to be coded.

Question 46

Why do neurons differ in firing speed

Answer 46

Because of myelination, it results in delay lines

Question 47

Capacitance

Answer 47

Ability to temporarily hold on to charge

Question 48

delay lines

Answer 48

a device in which a known delay time is introduced in the transmission of a signal. An acoustic delay line delays a sound wave by circulating it through a liquid or solid medium.