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Cognitive neuroscience > 10 - Neural Circuits > Flashcards

10 - Neural Circuits Flashcards

1
Q

Neural circuits

A

A group of neurons who are connected by synapses and carry out a specific function when they are activated.

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2
Q

3 important parameters
- that determine connection strength of neurons
- DUS enable specific neural circuits
- (currents)

A

1) Maximum current
2) Synaptic current
3) Time currents

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3
Q

Parameters

A

Features that can influence how neural circuits work, so how neurons are connected

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4
Q

Current

A

is electrical flow

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5
Q

Voltmeter allows to see ..

A

How a neuron is spiking (sending action potentials)

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6
Q

Maximum current

A

a parameter/property that determines the connection (synapse) strength between neurons

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7
Q

Synaptic current

A

Connection strength of neurons.

Depends on the concentration of neurotransmitter (in the cleft) and number of ion channels

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8
Q

Time constant of a synapse

A

Parameter for connection strength neurons

Indicates for how long the synapse is active following an incoming action potential.

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9
Q

What is important in the connection strength of neurons

A

Synaptic current, time constant of a synapse

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10
Q

High resistance of membrane for potassium, means

A
  • not much current
  • not much channels
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11
Q

EPSPs

A

EXCITETATORY POST SYNPATIC POTENTIAL

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12
Q

Inhibitory neurons

A

Cause IPSPs, hyperpolarization occurs, inhibits cell and then cannot produce action potentials

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13
Q

Time delay from one neuron to the next, how does this create a AP?

A

The differences in pace, one neuron is slow and other is fast. But the slow one is first activated and then second the other. They end up arriving at the same time and creating an action potential as a result in the next neuron. HAPPENS A LOT IN NERVOUS SYSTEM

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14
Q

lateral inhibition

A

inhibition to the side (lateral)

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15
Q

Audition is about perceiving

A

sound, which is the vibration in air

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16
Q

Amplitude

A

How loud a sound is.
Depends on pressure variation of the sound, amplitude is totale uitstrekking van wave.

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17
Q

Frequencies of sound

A

Corresponds to pitch, depends on how often the tones are (Quick up and down in the wavelength means high frequency)

`important in perception

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18
Q

Frequency is important in perception, it lets us distinguish between

A

Word and music e.g.

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19
Q

Function midyear

A

To get air vibrations in to the fluid vibrations

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20
Q

Cochlea base is sensitive to …. frequency sounds

A

High

21
Q

Cochlea apex (end) is sensitive to … frequency sounds

A

Low

22
Q

Cochlea membrane respondes differently to different frequencies according to place because

A

The psychical characteristics of membrane change over the length go the cochlea
- Narrow and stiff at base (high freq.)
- Thin and sloppy at end (low freq.)

23
Q

Tonotopic mapping (of cochlea)

A

Mapping is according to tone frequency

24
Q

mechanosensitive receptor cells are

A

sensitive to vibration

25
Q

How are sound/auditory frequencies coded

A

1) Place coding
2) Temporal coding
3) Population coding
DIFFERENT SOUNDS EXCITED NEURONS IN DIFFERENT PLACES

26
Q

Place coding

A

high frequencies excite membrane at beginning, low frequencies excite membrane at end. The hight of the frequency will determine in which place there is excited.

27
Q

Temporal coding

A

Phase of acoustic waveform.

(Je hebt een waveform van geluid, waarin je een top hebt, op dat moment fired een neuron. In het dal van de wavelength wordt er niet gevuurd.)

28
Q

Population coding

A

Collective firing of neurons

29
Q

Rate coding

A

Intensity of a sound

30
Q

Time delay

A

How much time it takes from 1 neuron to another

31
Q

Duration

A

How long a signal lasts

32
Q

Horizontal localization is sound coming from

A

the sides or front

33
Q

If the time constant of an excitatory synapse increases, the post synaptic neuron:

A

Is more likely to fire

34
Q

How does a neuron normally excite some neurons and inhibit other neurons at the same time?

A

By using interneurons for part of the connections

35
Q

A function of lateral inhibition is to

A

Localize stimulus ‘edges’

36
Q

A function of inhibition

A

Prevents too much excitatory epileptic seizures

37
Q

The basilar membrane in the inner ear maps

A

Different frequencies to place

38
Q

What is temporal coding in audition? Action potential patterns correspond to

A

Sound wave form phase

39
Q

High frequencies are localised in horizontal space by determining the difference in

A

Sound intensity between the ears

40
Q

Low frequencies are localised in horizontal space by determining the difference in

A

Sound latency between the ears

41
Q

Latency

A

Differencing in timing (how fast or slow (sound is))

42
Q

How can sound latency between the two ears be determined

A

A circuit with delay lines and coincidence detectors

43
Q

How are different odours coded in the nervous system

A

Pattern coding

44
Q

Spatial integration

A

Neurons will only fire AP to rest of position if they get input from both places at the same time.
Neurons are coincidence detectors

45
Q

Pattern coding

A

You map a number of different receptor cells and combine them to code for many more compounds

(Each odourant has multiple targets for receptor binding sites. Activation pattern across the 4 receptors types thus enables 16 different odorant’s to be coded.

46
Q

Why do neurons differ in firing speed

A

Because of myelination, it results in delay lines

47
Q

Capacitance

A

Ability to temporarily hold on to charge

48
Q

delay lines

A

a device in which a known delay time is introduced in the transmission of a signal. An acoustic delay line delays a sound wave by circulating it through a liquid or solid medium.

Cognitive neuroscience (8 decks)

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