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Part 1 > Vision Development > Flashcards

Vision Development Flashcards

1
Q

Although VEP provides information about the integrity of the pathway of the visual system, will results always provide information regarding the infant’s ability to perceive a visual stimulus?

A

NO

Subjective methods of VA that require visual processing by the infant do not show 20/20 VA levels until 3-4 years of age

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2
Q

When does VEP reach 20/20 for infants?

A

6 months of age

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3
Q

When is forced choice preferential looking (FCPL), specifically Teller acuity cards, used in pediatric clinics?

A

Infants up to 12 months of age

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4
Q

When is FCPL methods approxminately 20/600 to 20/1200?

A

1 month of age

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5
Q

When is FCPL methods approximately 20/50 to 20/60?

A

1 years of age

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6
Q

When does spatial acuity reach 20/20?

A

3-4 years of age

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7
Q

When do infants have an asymmetric OKN?

A

Up until 3-5 months of age due to incomplete development of the cortex

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8
Q

What does a normal OKN response look like?

A

Temporal to nasal

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9
Q

Is a (-) OKN response conlusive?

A

NO

The infant may just not be paying attention (ONK requires attention and accommodation to the OKN drum)

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10
Q

When does vernier acuity develop?

A

Worse than spatial acuity until 4 months of age!

Rapidly develops beyond this point until adulthood

Adult levels by 6-8 years old

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11
Q

When does recognition acuity develop? EXAMPLES: Allen pictures, american optical pictures, HOTV, Lea symbols, Landolt C chart, tumbling E chart

A

~2 to 3 months of age

NOTE: pictures are often better than letters to resolve

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12
Q

Why is VA poor in infants until 3-5 years of age?

A
  1. Foveal cone PR are shorter and wider in infants vs adults (adult like by 4 years of age)
  2. Myelination of visual pathways is incomplete (adult: 4-6 months of age and not complete until 2 years of age)
  3. Visual cortex not fully developed in infants (adult like: 6 months of age, but develops well into childhood)
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13
Q

When will a bright foveal reflex develop?

A

~15 months of age

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14
Q

What is the average refraction for a newborn?

A

+2.00D (+/- 0.75D)

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15
Q

What is the average axial length for full term newborns?

A

16 mm

Adult: 24 mm

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16
Q

What is the mean refractive error at 10 weeks of age?

A

+4.00D

Reaches plano to +3.00D by 20 weeks

17
Q

What is the mean refractive error approximately 1 year of age?

A

+0.50 to +1.00D & remains stable until the teen years

18
Q

When does emmetropization not occur?

A

For extreme newborn RE (>+5.00/-4.50D)

19
Q

What % of school children remain hyperopic?

A

80-85%

6% of 6 year olds become myopic and 15% of 15 year olds become myopic

20
Q

Premature infants younger than what age usually have high myopia, high astigmatism, or high anisometropia at birth?

A

<37 weeks

21
Q

Do premature infants have normal emmetropization with similar levels of hyperopia and astigmatism by 12 months compared to full term infants?

A

Yes!

22
Q

Approx how many infants are born with astigmatism?

A

50%

23
Q

What is the average amount of ATR astig at 6 months of age?

A

2.00D!

24
Q

When does astigmatism reduce to about 0.50 or less in infants?

A

by 2 years of age

25
Q

When does accommodation reach adult-like levels?

A

3-4 months of age

26
Q

Why are infants able to have imprecise accommodation for a given distance without significantly impairing VA?

A

They have a very large depth of focus!

27
Q

When can infants make divergent eye movements?

A

1 month

28
Q

When does consistent convergent eye movements occur?

A

2 months

29
Q

When does vergence eye movements become adult-like and are initiated by disparity?

A

6 months

30
Q

When is accommodation and convergence linked?*

A

After 2 months of age when convergence matures.

31
Q

When do pursuits become normal?

A

4 months of age

32
Q

When does stereopsis reach adult levels?

A

4-6 months of age

33
Q

Nearly 100% of infants have stereopsis by which age?

A

7 months

34
Q

When does stereopsis reach adult levels of 1’?

A

24 months (2 years old)

NOTE: 2 years old is when astigmatism is reduced to 0.50 or less and when myelination is complete

35
Q

True or False. The immaturity of eye movements that are necessary for bifoveal fixation is what limits sensory fusion and stereopsis before the age of 3 months

A

FALSE.

Immaturity of the visual cortex is thought to be the limiting factor to sensory fusion & stereopsis before 3 months of age

36
Q

When does the ability to discriminate all hues from achromatic stimuli reach adult levels?

A

By 3-4 months of age

37
Q

When does the scotopic sensitivity curve in infants reach adult levels?

A

4-7 months

Part 1 (31 decks)

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