Random Pile of Done Flashcards
Which type of glial cell lines the cavities of the CNS as well as the walls of the ventricles in the brain?
Ependymal Cells
NOTE: they also form the epithelium of the choroid plexus, which secretes CSF
Which type of glial cells are considered non-neuronal cells of the CNS and serve to coat axons in a myelin sheath, which greatly increases the speed of conduction?
Oligodendrocytes NOTE: these cells also wrap numerous axons simultaneously, while Schwann cells insulate on a one-to-one ratio for cellular axons in the PNS
Which glial cells are the most numerous and offer support and structure to the brain?
Astrocytes NOTE: these cells also play a large role in the formation of the BRB, which serves to inhibit toxic substances of the blood from entering the brain. These cells play an important part in removing NTs from synaptic zones as well as the removal of excessive etracellular potassium.
Which type of glial cell are a type of macrophage that are called into action in the event of injury, disease or infection?
Microglia NOTE: these cells are capable of phagocytosis
The primary absorption pathway for large, hydrophilic drugs is where?
Transconjunctival Route
The primary absorption pathway for small, lipophilic drugs is where?
Transcorneal route
Which 2 of the following ocular elements pass through the optic foramen before reaching the eye?
Opthalmic Artery and CN 2
What is the average diurnal variation of IOP for a normal person who does not suffer from glaucoma?
3-5 mmHg NOTE: The average intraocular pressure (IOP) is around 15 mmHg (+/- 2.57 mmHg) for people without glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Pressures for most people also fall within 10.5-20.5 mmHg. IOP can fluctuate between 3-6 mmHg on a daily basis, most likely resulting from a change in aqueous production rather than aqueous drainage. A fluctuation of greater than 10mmHg is usually indicative of glaucoma.
What is coat’s white ring?
A small, white, oval ring at the level of Bowman’s membrane that is associated with a previous corneal FB
Which HA’s are most commonly caused by stress and may be attributed to poor posture, hunger, and fatigue?
Tension HA’s NOTE: this type of HA is associated w stiffness of the muscles in the neck region and pain around the occipital region or a vice-like pain in the frontal area. CC: “throbbing”
Which HA’s are more commonly “associated acute” rather than “chronic nasal sinusitis” and usually present with a deep and constant pain in the frontal region of the head?
Sinus HA NOTE: pain in these cases is usually associated w/ other sinus symptoms such as rhinorrhea, feeling of fullness in the ears, fever, facial swelling, and lacrimation. CC: transient loss of smell. Majority will note an increase in pain/pressure when bending down
Which thyroid hormone is released from the hypothalamus?
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
Where is Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) produced?
Pituitary glands
As demarcation lines, or high water marks, occur due to the proliferation of retinal pigment epithelial cells (3 months), what configuration do they make with respect to the ora serrata?
Convex NOTE: this represents sites of increased adhesion. With time, the demarcation line tends to lose its pigment and can be less obvious upon fundus examination
What is or are the MOA(s) for Brimonidine (Alphagan) and Apraclonidine (Iopidine)?
- INC Uveoscleral outflow 2. DEC Aqueous production
What are the 3 photopigments contained within the human cones?
Erythrolabe (565 nm), chlorolabe (535 nm), and cyanolabe (430 nm)
What is the flow of aqueous out of the eye via trabecular outflow?
Uveal layer –> corneoscleral layer –> Juxtacanalicular layer –> Schlemm’s canal –> distal collector channels –> Aqueous veins –> Episcleral venous system
For Keratometry, to extend the ranges down, what lens would you use and what range does it create?
-1.00 Lens Subtract 6D from the drum reading for flatter corneas
What does adding a +1.25D lens to a keratometer do?
Add a range of 8-9D for steeper corneas
According to the American Diabetes Association, asymptomatic pts who do not possess any RFs for DM should be screened at what age?
45 years old
What is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another mature differentiated cell type (i.e. Barrett’s esophagus) known as?
Metaplasia NOTE: most common in epithelial tissues (can be from normal maturation or abnormal signaling). Original cells may not be robust enough to withstand harsh environments and thus change to a cell that is better suited
What is this referring to: - Disorderly arrangement of cells due to an alteration of size, shape, and organization -Epithelial cells -Reversible* -Immature cells > Mature -Pap smears
Dysplasia
What is an alteration of differentiation? -Poorly differentiated or undifferentiated -Divide rapidly but do NOT resemble normal cells structurally or functionally
Anaplasia (Ana is the weird kid, she is not differentiating the same as the other kids)
What is protective against progression of diabetic retinopathy?
High Myopia NOTE: proliferation of DR can be triggered by traction of the retina caused by incomplete detachment of the vitreous –> fibrovascular tissue formation. Myopic pts w/ a PVD possess a DEC risk of traction & therefore a DEC risk of progression of DR.