Histology Flashcards
Normal Total Cholesterol?
<200
Normal TG?
<150
Normal LDL?
<130 (2+ risk factors for heart Dz)
<100 (if heart Dz or DM)
HDL
> 40
Where is rRNA produced?
Nuceolus
Hepatocytes, cardiac muscle, and epithelial cells of the urinary tract are:
a. Binuclear
b. Multinuclear
c. Anuclear
Binuclear
NOTE: allows cell to build two proteins at the same time
Osetoclasts and skeletal muscle cells are:
a. Binuclear
b. Multinuclear
c. Anuclear
Multinuclear
NOTE: can control the a lot of complex tasks
In neurons, cytoplasmic basophilia in the RER contain what subtance?
Nissl substance
What is a polysome?
Multiple ribosomes attached to a single mRNA molecule in order to maximize efficiency of protein translation
NOTE: multiple ribosomes
What is cytoplasmic basophilia.
It’s when as the NUMBER of RIBOSOMES INCREASES during cell growth, the cytoplasm becomes MORE acidic AND binds BETTER to basic stains (i.e. hemotoxylin) causing the cytoplasm to appear more blue/purple
Where does the initial glycosylation of protein begin?
RER
Secondary lysomes are either excytosed out of the cell or undergo partial degredation, forming what within the cell?
Residual body
NOTE: materials phagocytized by the cell form a phagocytic vacuole. The fusion of a phagocytic vacuole and primary lysosome forms a secondary lysosome.
Which disease is an AR disorder characterized by accumulation of residual bodies.
Tay Sach’s disease
NOTE: it typically presents in the 1st year of life & usually leads to death by the age of 2. A CHERRY RED MACULA is characteristic of the disease and is found in 90% of cases
What are the 2 ocular diseases that result in maternal mitochondrial DNA mutations?
- Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)
2. Dominant optic atrophy
What are 2 endocrine gland diseases?
Diabetes and Grave’s disease
NOTE: ductless
Follicular cells of thyroid gland produce what?
T3/T4
NOTE: simple cuboidal cells lined w follicles of thyroid gland AND produce inactive thyroid hormone (i.e. colloid). When prompted by TSH, the colloid is modified to mature hormones T3/T4
Parafollicular glands of thyroid gland produce what?
Calcitonin
NOTE: these cells are oval located btwn follicles –> DEC [Ca2+] by (-) osteoclast activity
What are some signs and symptoms of Hypothyroidism?
Osteoporosis,
Muscle cramps,
Cataracts,
Uveitis
The inner medulla contain what kind of cells that produce Epinephrine (85%) and Norepinephrine (15%)?
Chromaffin granules
The cortex of the adrenal glands contain:
Zonula Glomerulus, Zonula Fasciculata, Zonula Reticularis.
What do each of these zones produce?
Glomerulus: Aldosterone (mineralcorticoids)
Fasciculata: Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)
Reticularis: Androgens
The anterior pituitary are formed by what type of tissue called Rathke’s pouch which pinches off and fuses with hypothalamus?
Tissue from the ROOF of the MOUTH
The 2 portions of the Ant Pit are the acidophiles AND basophils. Which cells stain pink/red and which blue/purple?
Acidophiles (alpha cells) stain pink/red due to eosin
Basophils (beta cells) stain blue/purple due to hemotoxylin
What hormones are produced by the alpha cells of the Ant Pit?
Somatotrophs: Growth hormone during puberty
Mamotrophs: Prolactin –> breast milk + works with oxytocin to cause milk secretion
What hormones are produced by the beta cells of the Ant Pit?
Gondotrophs: FSH and LH
Thyrotrophs: TSH
Corticotrophs: ACTH
Acidophil tumors can cause what?
Excessive Growth Hormone –> Gigantism (kids) and Acromegaly (adults)
NOTE: also theoretically more prolactin too. Hyperprolactinemia causes ANOREXIA, live Dz, kidney Dz, and hypothyroidism
Basophil tumors can cause what?
Excessive ACTH –> Cushing syndrome
Excessive TSH –> hyperthyroidism
Excessive FSH –> premature ovarian failure or polycystic ovary syndrome
Excessive LH –> infertility (inability to get pregnent), menstrual difficulties, low sex drive in men, and early or delayed puberty in children
What gland is responsible for storage and release of hormones?
Posterior pituitary gland
What produces ADH and oxytocin?
The hypothalamus
It contains paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei that produce these hormones
What are Herring bodies?
Hormones that are stored in vesicles
Where are Herring bodies located?
Pars Nervosa (posterior portion of the posterior pituitary)
What potion of the cell body is where AP are generated?
Axon hillock
As the number of ribosomes INC during cell growth, Nissl bodies (indicating RER) are found in the cytoplasm (mainly) and within dendrites.
NO NISSL BODIES are found in axon hillock
What is the most common intraocular cancer in the eye?
Malignant melanoma
Where does primary malignant melanoma metastasize?
LIVER but starts in eye
What is the conduction portino of the resp tract extend from?
Nasal cavity TO the terminal bronchioles
Where does the respiratory portion start and extend to?
Respiratory bronchioles and extends throughout the individual units of the lungs
The sympathetic system causes bronchodilation or bronchocontriction?
Bronchodilation
A lack of development of Auerbach’s plexus causes what?
Hirschsprung’s Disease which results in damage to GI tract
NTOE: auerbach’s plexus is located btwn the two muscle layers and receives PNS & SNS innervation to control peristalsis
Low levels of albumin in the bloodstream is indicative of what?
Malnutrition
What is the portal triad made of?
Hepatic artery
Portal Vein
Bile duct
