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Part 1 > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Normal Total Cholesterol?

A

<200

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2
Q

Normal TG?

A

<150

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3
Q

Normal LDL?

A

<130 (2+ risk factors for heart Dz)

<100 (if heart Dz or DM)

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4
Q

HDL

A

> 40

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5
Q

Where is rRNA produced?

A

Nuceolus

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6
Q

Hepatocytes, cardiac muscle, and epithelial cells of the urinary tract are:

a. Binuclear
b. Multinuclear
c. Anuclear

A

Binuclear

NOTE: allows cell to build two proteins at the same time

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7
Q

Osetoclasts and skeletal muscle cells are:

a. Binuclear
b. Multinuclear
c. Anuclear

A

Multinuclear

NOTE: can control the a lot of complex tasks

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8
Q

In neurons, cytoplasmic basophilia in the RER contain what subtance?

A

Nissl substance

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9
Q

What is a polysome?

A

Multiple ribosomes attached to a single mRNA molecule in order to maximize efficiency of protein translation

NOTE: multiple ribosomes

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10
Q

What is cytoplasmic basophilia.

A

It’s when as the NUMBER of RIBOSOMES INCREASES during cell growth, the cytoplasm becomes MORE acidic AND binds BETTER to basic stains (i.e. hemotoxylin) causing the cytoplasm to appear more blue/purple

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11
Q

Where does the initial glycosylation of protein begin?

A

RER

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12
Q

Secondary lysomes are either excytosed out of the cell or undergo partial degredation, forming what within the cell?

A

Residual body

NOTE: materials phagocytized by the cell form a phagocytic vacuole. The fusion of a phagocytic vacuole and primary lysosome forms a secondary lysosome.

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13
Q

Which disease is an AR disorder characterized by accumulation of residual bodies.

A

Tay Sach’s disease

NOTE: it typically presents in the 1st year of life & usually leads to death by the age of 2. A CHERRY RED MACULA is characteristic of the disease and is found in 90% of cases

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14
Q

What are the 2 ocular diseases that result in maternal mitochondrial DNA mutations?

A
  1. Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)

2. Dominant optic atrophy

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15
Q

What are 2 endocrine gland diseases?

A

Diabetes and Grave’s disease

NOTE: ductless

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16
Q

Follicular cells of thyroid gland produce what?

A

T3/T4

NOTE: simple cuboidal cells lined w follicles of thyroid gland AND produce inactive thyroid hormone (i.e. colloid). When prompted by TSH, the colloid is modified to mature hormones T3/T4

17
Q

Parafollicular glands of thyroid gland produce what?

A

Calcitonin

NOTE: these cells are oval located btwn follicles –> DEC [Ca2+] by (-) osteoclast activity

18
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of Hypothyroidism?

A

Osteoporosis,
Muscle cramps,
Cataracts,
Uveitis

19
Q

The inner medulla contain what kind of cells that produce Epinephrine (85%) and Norepinephrine (15%)?

A

Chromaffin granules

20
Q

The cortex of the adrenal glands contain:
Zonula Glomerulus, Zonula Fasciculata, Zonula Reticularis.

What do each of these zones produce?

A

Glomerulus: Aldosterone (mineralcorticoids)

Fasciculata: Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)

Reticularis: Androgens

21
Q

The anterior pituitary are formed by what type of tissue called Rathke’s pouch which pinches off and fuses with hypothalamus?

A

Tissue from the ROOF of the MOUTH

22
Q

The 2 portions of the Ant Pit are the acidophiles AND basophils. Which cells stain pink/red and which blue/purple?

A

Acidophiles (alpha cells) stain pink/red due to eosin

Basophils (beta cells) stain blue/purple due to hemotoxylin

23
Q

What hormones are produced by the alpha cells of the Ant Pit?

A

Somatotrophs: Growth hormone during puberty

Mamotrophs: Prolactin –> breast milk + works with oxytocin to cause milk secretion

24
Q

What hormones are produced by the beta cells of the Ant Pit?

A

Gondotrophs: FSH and LH

Thyrotrophs: TSH

Corticotrophs: ACTH

25
Q

Acidophil tumors can cause what?

A

Excessive Growth Hormone –> Gigantism (kids) and Acromegaly (adults)

NOTE: also theoretically more prolactin too. Hyperprolactinemia causes ANOREXIA, live Dz, kidney Dz, and hypothyroidism

26
Q

Basophil tumors can cause what?

A

Excessive ACTH –> Cushing syndrome

Excessive TSH –> hyperthyroidism

Excessive FSH –> premature ovarian failure or polycystic ovary syndrome

Excessive LH –> infertility (inability to get pregnent), menstrual difficulties, low sex drive in men, and early or delayed puberty in children

27
Q

What gland is responsible for storage and release of hormones?

A

Posterior pituitary gland

28
Q

What produces ADH and oxytocin?

A

The hypothalamus

It contains paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei that produce these hormones

29
Q

What are Herring bodies?

A

Hormones that are stored in vesicles

30
Q

Where are Herring bodies located?

A

Pars Nervosa (posterior portion of the posterior pituitary)

31
Q

What potion of the cell body is where AP are generated?

A

Axon hillock

As the number of ribosomes INC during cell growth, Nissl bodies (indicating RER) are found in the cytoplasm (mainly) and within dendrites.

NO NISSL BODIES are found in axon hillock

32
Q

What is the most common intraocular cancer in the eye?

A

Malignant melanoma

33
Q

Where does primary malignant melanoma metastasize?

A

LIVER but starts in eye

34
Q

What is the conduction portino of the resp tract extend from?

A

Nasal cavity TO the terminal bronchioles

35
Q

Where does the respiratory portion start and extend to?

A

Respiratory bronchioles and extends throughout the individual units of the lungs

36
Q

The sympathetic system causes bronchodilation or bronchocontriction?

A

Bronchodilation

37
Q

A lack of development of Auerbach’s plexus causes what?

A

Hirschsprung’s Disease which results in damage to GI tract

NTOE: auerbach’s plexus is located btwn the two muscle layers and receives PNS & SNS innervation to control peristalsis

38
Q

Low levels of albumin in the bloodstream is indicative of what?

A

Malnutrition

39
Q

What is the portal triad made of?

A

Hepatic artery

Portal Vein

Bile duct

Part 1 (31 decks)

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