EPT6 Flashcards
What mechanism explains the iris color change sometimes noted in pts on topical ophthalmic latanoprost?
Increased pigmentation associated with INC of melanin within iridial melanocytes
Which is the MOST common cause of genetic visual impairment in infants and children?
Leber congenital amaurosis
What is sorsby dystrophy?
Peripheral choroidal and outer retinal disease that typically manifests in adulthood
When does choroideremia cause visual impairment?
Middle adulthood
Which technique for measuring aniseikonia is considered to be the MOST accurate?
Space eikonometer
Rare to have, most clinicians just estimate aniseikonia with the rule that for every 1.00D of power difference, there will be ~1% induced aniseikonia
If you add two soft CL’s how do you figure out the resultant power and axis?
- Resultant cyl axis is between the cylinder lens axis
- Resultant cyl axis is closer to the CL with more cyl power
- Sum of spherical equivalents of the 2 cyl lenses will equal the spherical equivalent of the resultant cyl lens
DEC synthesis of type 1 collagen is MOST likely result in which of the follow? Select 2
a. INC IOP
b. Corneal thinning
c. Blue sclera
d. Cataract formation
e. Vitreous syneresis
b. Corneal thinning
c. Blue sclera
NOTE: type 1 collagen is primarily located w/in the cornea and sclera. Thus, DEC synthesis of type 1 collagen is MOST likely to result in scleral thinning (noted as a blue sclera due to the visibility of the underlying uvea), as well as corneal thinning
Type I collagen is found in which part of the cornea?
Stroma (450 um)
Where is type IV collagen found in the cornea?
Basement membrane & Descemet’s Membrane
Where is Type II collagen found in the cornea?
Bowman’s membrane
What mucin types bind to goblet cells?
Mucin 1,4,6
EBMD and Meesan affects what part of the cornea?
Basement Membrane
NOTE: thcikens w age, 8-10 weeks for regeneration
Band Keratopathy, Pterygia, Reis-buckler dystrophy, and Keratoconus affects which part of the cornea?
Bowman’s Membrane
NOTE: strong barrier to injury, acellular, embryologically layed down (no regeneration)
Macular dystrophy, granular dystrophy, and lattic dystrophy affects which part of the cornea?
Stroma
NOTE: hydrophilic, nerves enter here and move anteriorly
What are the 2 effects of PTH?
- Stimulation of osteoclast activity in bone
2. Stimulation of calcium reabsorption by the kidney
The midbrain is involve in the control of which of the follow (select 3)?
a. Sensory innervation of the cornea
b. Innervation of the lateral rectus
c. Innervation of the Superior Oblique
d. Innervation of the levator palpebrae superioris
e. Motor activity to the muscles of facial expression
f. Pupillary constriction
c. Innervation of the Superior Oblique
d. Innervation of the levator palpebrae superioris
f. Pupillary constriction
NOTE: the midbrain contains nuclei for CN3/4, and the EW nucleus.
Autoimmune damage to the salivary glands is MOST likely associated with which of the following clinical findings?
a. 11mm wetting after 5 min on Schirmer 1 testing
b. 6 sec TBUT
c. 4mm wetting after 5min on Schirmer 2 testing
d. 11mm wetting after 15 sec on phenol red thread test
c. 4mm wetting after 5min on Schirmer 2 testing
NOTE: autoimmune damage to the salivary glands (including the lac gland) causes Sjogren’s syndrome which is associated with ADDE. <5mm of wetting after 5min on Schirmer 2 testing is suggestive of ADDE
What is the MOST common infectious cause of post-operative endophthalmitis?
Gram (+) bacteria
NOTE: our lids and lashes have gram (+)
What is the MOST common clinical finding in toxic anterior segment syndrome following cataract extraction is?
Corneal edema
NOTE: marked diffuse corneal edema with little to no post seg inflammation Dx w/in first 12-48 hours following cat extraction. PS & suppurative conjunctivitis are LESS common but possible.
Zeaxanthin and lutein are xanthophyll pigments that are PRIMARILY located where?
Inner segments of PR
A posterior vitreous detachment is MOST commonly the result of:
a. INC type 2 collagen content of the vitreous
b. Formation of lacunae and inward collapse of the vitreal cortex
c. Loss of Weiger’s ligament in the anterior vitreous
d. Separation of the vitreous base from the retina
b. Formation of lacunae and inward collapse of the vitreal cortex
NOTE: result of INC vitreal liquefaction, which results in lacunae formation and inward collapse of the cortex.
When does separation of the vitreous base from the retina most often occur?
Trauma and is NOT a cause of PVD
What is the DIRECT role of RPE in the visual cycle?
Converting All-trans-Retinol to 11-cis retinol –> then oxidized to 11-cis retinal**
NOTE: RPE transports All-trans retinol into its cytoplasm via cellular retinol binding protein, where it is sequentially converted into 11-cis retinal. Many rod-cone dystrophies occur as a result of interruptions to this pathway
Using a high powered add will have all of the following effects EXCEPT:
a. DEC WD
b. DEC FOV
c. DEC lateral magnification
d. INC relative distance magnification
c. DEC lateral magnification