Ocular Anatomy Flashcards
What are the 7 layers of the eyelid?
- Skin
- Subcutaneous Areolar
- Orbicularis
- Submuscular Areolar
- Orbital Seption
- Posterior Muscular
- Tarsal Plate
- Palpebral Conjunctiva
What is telecanthus?
Abnormally increased distance b/n the medial canthi of the lids
Trichiasis is secondary to what?
Entropion
What is Phthiriasis palpebrarum is caused by?
infections of lashes caused by phthirus pubis
The skin layer contains what 3 things?
- Fine hairs
- Sweat glands
- Sebaceous glands
Where is the thinnest skin layer of the body?
Eyelid
T/F the skin layer of the eyelid contains fat?
False
What kind of CT is found in the subcutaneous and submuscular areolar layer?
Loose CT
What structure can be found in the subcutaneous layer of the eyelid?
Levator aponeurosis
What structure does the orbicularis layer of the eyelid contain?
Palpebral portion of the orbicularis oculi
What nerve innervates the Orbicularis Oculi?
CN7
What is the orbital portion of the Orbicularis Oculi in charge of?
Forced blinks
What is the palpebral portion of the Orbicularis Oculi in charge of?
Spontaneous and reflex blinking
What are the two portions of the palpebral portion of the Orbicularis Oculi?
- Muscle of Riolan (pars ciliaris)
2. Muscle of Horner (pars lacrimalis)
The muscle of Horner is in charge of?
Tears: encircles canaliculi to help drain tears
The muscle of Riolan is in charge of?
Roll: rotating lashes
Tide: keeps it tight
Divide: gray line
Paralysis of the orbicularis will eventually result in a condition known as..?
Ectropion: lower lid droops away from globe
What structures does the submuscular areolar layer contain?
Upper: Levator aponeurosis
Palpebral potion of the main lacrimal gland
Upper and Lower: Peripheral and Marginal arcades
What are four pertinent negatives that you should have for orbital cellitus?
- Fever
- Decreased Vision
- EOM restriction
- Pain
What kind of CT is the orbital septum?
Dense Irregular CT
What are the function(s) of the orbital septum
- Barrier to the orbit in the upper and lower lids
- Prevents fat from falling down onto lid margins
- Keeps infection localized to anterior portion of the eyelid, away from the orbit
What meds would you give for Orbital Cellulitis?
NOTE: polymicrobial (staph & strep)
- Augmentin: cell wall synthesis inhibitor
- Cephalexin: cell wall synthesis inhibitor
- Azithromycin: 50S subunit
- Doxycycline: 30S
- Fluroquinolones: DNA synthesis inhibitor
What becomes the orbital septum?
Peri-orbita: loosely covers orbital bones
What is the orbital septum continuous with?
Periorbita and periosteum of skull
What attaches to the orbital septum medially
Posterior Lacrimal Crest
Does the orbital septum protect the lacrimal sac from infection?
Yes - Located posterior
What layer is the insertion site of the levator aponeurosis?
Superior Orbital Septum
What structures are in the posterior muscular layer?
- Superior levator Palpebrae
2. Muller’s muscles (superior and inferior)
Superior Levator Palpebrae originates from where?
Lesser wing sphenoid
What is the function of the Superior Levator Palpebrae?
Main retractor of upper lid
What is Whitnal’s ligament?
Fulcrum of the Superior Levator Palpebrae that allows muscle to change course from anterior posterior to superior inferior
What is the Levator aponeurosis?
Fanned shaped tendon of Superior Levator Palpebrae that attaches to skin and anterior surface
What does the levator aponeurosis attach to (3 places)
- Skin
- Orbicularis/Subcutan
- Tarsal plate
Where is the attachment of the levator aponeurosis to the skin of upper lid form?
Superior palpebral furrow
Where does the lateral horn of the levator aponeurosis attach to?
Whitnal ligament
Where does the medial horn of the levator aponeurosis attach to?
medial palpebral ligament
How is the inferior palpebral furrow formed?
Indirect attachment of the inferior rectus muscle into skin
What does the eyelid furrows separate?
Tarsal and orbital portions of lid
Muscle of Muller is what kind of muscle?
Smooth Muscle
Muscle of Muller has what kind of receptors and is innervated by what?
A2
Sympathetic nervous system
Where does the inferior tarsal muscle originate from?
Fascial sheath of inferior rectus
Horner’s syndrome is a DEC in which innervation?
Sympathetic
What is happening when the lid is retracted back too much
- Too much sympathetic (overaction of mueller)
2. Thyroid issue
When you hear Thyroid eye disease, what should you think?
Fibroblast proliferation
What is a normal Interpalpebral fissure distance?
10-12
Tarsal plate is made of what kind of connective tissue
Dense irregular
Tarsal plate structure
Horizontal and vertical collagen fibrils that surround meibomian glands
What kind of glands are meibomian glands?
Sebaceous
What layer are meibomian glands located in?
Tarsal
How many meibomian glands on top and bottom lids?
25 and 20 respectively
Upper and lower tarsal plates combine to form
Medial and lateral palpebral ligaments
The medial palpbral ligament attaches to where?
Maxillary Bone
Lateral palebral ligament attaches to where?
Whitnall’s ligament
What kind of gland/secretions are meibomian and Zeiss?
Sebaceous and Holocrine
Zeiss gland function?
Lubricates lashes
What kind of gland is Gland of Moll?
Apocrine
What layer and macrophages, PNMs to protect from infection
Palpebral conjunctiva
What are the layers of the palpebral conjunctiva?
- Epithelial layer
2. Stroma
Is the epithelial layer of the palpebral conj stratified?
Yes
Goblet cells found in where?
Palpebral conj mostly inferior nasal fornix
Stroma layer of the palpebral conj is what kind of CT?
Loose vascularized CT
Two layers of the stroma layer of palpebral conj?
- Superficial lymphoid layer
2. Deep fibrous layer
Stroma of Palpebral Conj aka
- Submucosa
2. Substantia propria
The Superficial lymphoid layer of Stroma of Palebral Conj contains
IgA Macrophages, mast cells, PMNs and eosinophils (immunologically active)
The deep fibrous layer of Stroma of Palebral Conj function
Connects the conj to underlying internal structures continuous with tarsal plate
What does the deep fibrous layer of Stroma of Palebral Conj contain?
- Accessory lacrimal glands
2. Wolfring and Krause
Internal hordeolums are infections of what gland?
Meibomian
External hordeolums are infections of what gland?
Zeiss
What kind of gland is the gland of Moll?
Aprocrine and Sweat
Krause and Wolfring gland is what kind of gland
Accessory lacrimal and merocrine
Wolfring gland is found where?
Tarsal conj
Deep fibrous layer of stroma of palpe conj
What are the Holocrine glands of the eye?
Meibomian and Zeiss
What are the Apocrine glands of the eye?
Moll and Goblet
What are the Merocrine glands of the eye?
Lacrimal, krause, wolfring
What branch of 7 innervates the orbicularis oculi for voluntary motor
Zygomatic branch of the facial nerve
What branches innervate the upper eyelids for sensory?
- Supraorbital and supratrochlear branches of the frontal branch of V1
- Lacrimal branch of V1
What are the direct branches of V1
- Nasociliary
- Frontal
- Lacrimal
What branches innervate the lower eyelids for sensory?
- Medial: infratrochlear branch of nasociliary branch of V1
- Zygomaticalfacial of Zygomatic of V2
- Infraorbtial of V2
What supplies blood to the deep eyelid structures?
Palpebral arcades
Palpebral arcades are formed by the union of the?
medial palpebral artery and the lateral palpebral artery
Medial palpebral artery is a branch of the?
ophthalmic artery
The lateral palpebral artery is a branch of the?
lacrimal artery
What provides blood the the bulbar conj and ciliary body?
Anterior ciliary arteries
why pt’s with uveitis get circumlimbal injections and decrease aq humor production
What provides blood to the superficial areas of the lid?
Facial artery of the external carotid
Veins of the lid run _____ to arteries
Parallel
Where do the veins of the lids drain into?
palpebral and ophthalmic veins
Lateral lymphatics of the conj drain into
Parotid lymph nodes
Medial lymphatics of the conj drain into
Submandibular lymph nodes
What are the infections that cause Preauricular lymphadenopathy
Viral Conj (Herpes, EKC)
Chlamydia
Dacryoadenitis
Gonorhea (only bacteria that does)
Parinaud’s oculoglandular Syndrome
Parinauds oculoglandular sydrome presents with what?
Significant Preauricular and Submandibular Lymphadenopathy
What causes follicles on conj?
CHAT
- Chlamydia
- Herpes
- Adenovirus
- Toxic (Brominidine)
The corrugator muscle function:
Medial depressor, runs obliquely
Pulls the corner of the eyebrows down and in
Occurs during concentration
The Procerus muscle function:
Medial depressor on bridge of nose
Pulls the skin b/n eyebrows straight down
Flares nose- Anything to do with nose
What divides the lacrimal gland into two portions?
Levator Aponeurosis
Lacrimal gland is what kind of gland
Exocrine gland with merocrine secretion
What branches of what artery supplies the lacrimal gland
Glandular branches of the lacrimal artery
What drains the lacrimal gland
Lacrimal vein
What part of the orbit contains the only lymphatic vessels
Lacrimal gland
Where does the lacrimal gland receive its innervation? What kind of innervation is ti?
Parasympathetic: Lacrimal nerve of the pterygopalatine (sphenopalitine) ganglion of CN VII
Reasons for Epiphora?
- Ectropion
- Overproduction of tears
- Underdrainage
Overproduction of tears can be caused by what?
- Allergy
- Dry eye syndrome
- Corneal irritation
Underdrainage of tears is cause by what?
- NLDO
Nasal Lacrimal Duct Obstruction in old people is caused by what?
1 reason is AGE (related to stenosis or involutional stenosis)
Another reason: Maxillary Sinus Infection
Nasal Lacrimal Duct Obstruction in Young people is caused by what?
Valve of Hasner’ issues
What is the number one reason for canaliculitis (bacteria)?
Actinomyces israelii
Causes of Acute Dacryoadenitis (pathogen)?
- Staph (#1 cause)
- Sarcoidosis
- Mononucleosis (EBV)
What is responsible for keeping the puncta open?
Lacrimal Papilla (CT)
NOTE: NOTE: The lacrimal papilla is the small rise in the bottom eyelid just before it ends at the corner of the eye closest to the nose. In the middle of it is the lacrimal punctum, a small hole that lets tears drain into the inside of the nose through the lacrimal canaliculi.
How long are canalicular
(2+8=10 mm)
Structure of Drainage System?
Vertical 2 mm
Horizontal 8 mm
Common Canaliculi
Lacrimal system
NLD
Hasner
What prevents backflow from lac sac?
Angle of Common Canaliculi
What muscle surrounds the Canalilculi to assist in tear drainage?
Muscle of Horner
Where does the Lacrimal Sac lie within?
Fossa of medial orbit wall, formed by post lacrimal crest of lacrimal bone and ant lacrimal crest of maxillary bone
How long is lac sac?
10-12 mm
What cells are in the lacrimal sac?
- Double epithelium (superficial columnar and deep basal)
- Goblet cells
- Microvilli
What ligament straddles the lacrimal sac?
Medial palpebral ligament
What divides the lacrimal sac into upper and lower section?
Muscle of Horner
What is Dacryocystitis cause by?
- Infection of lacrimal sac caused by NLDO
What makes of the Medial wall of the Orbit?
SMEL
Sphenoid (body)
Maxilla
Ethmoid
Lacrimal
(thinnest and smallest wall of orbit)