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NEU211 Intro to Neuro > Vision > Flashcards

Vision Flashcards

Exam 2

1
Q

What is the Sclera?

A

The white of the eye

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2
Q

Cornea

A

Clear covering of center of the eye

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3
Q

What are the two responsibilities of the cornea?

A
  1. Protection
  2. Bends light to focus on the lens
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4
Q

What is the iris?

A

The colored part of the eye

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5
Q

What does the lens do?

A

Changes shape to focus light on the retina

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6
Q

Choroid

A

Brown layer with blood vessels

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7
Q

Retina

A

Part of eye responsible for actual vision

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8
Q

What are the five parts of the retina?

A
  1. Photoreceptors
  2. Bipolar cells
  3. Ganglion cells
  4. Horizontal and amacrine cells
  5. Pigmented layer
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9
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Receive light and phototransduction

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10
Q

Bipolar cells

A

Conduct electrical signals from photoreceptors to ganglion cells

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11
Q

Ganglion cells

A

Conduct electrical signals, form optic nerve, and SEND ACTION POTENTIAL

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12
Q

Horizontal and amacrine cells

A

allow for lateral communication between neurons

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13
Q

Pigmented layer

A

Absorbs scatter

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14
Q

What is the pathway of light entering the eye?

A

Cornea -> lens -> retina -> pigmented layers -> photoreceptors

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15
Q

Light is reflected so that objects are _____________, but the ______ flips it

A

upside-down, brain

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16
Q

Once the light reaches the photoreceptors, next comes the _________, and then the ___________

A

Bipolar cells and ganglion cells

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17
Q

The macula is a small region of the _________

A

retina

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18
Q

What part of the eye does the macula contain?

A

Fovea

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19
Q

What is the fovea?

A

Central vision; highest quality vision

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20
Q

The optic disk lacks ____________, making a _______

A

Photoreceptors; blind spot

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21
Q

The neural layer of the retina contains (3)

A

Photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

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22
Q

Two types of bipolar cells

A

On and Off

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23
Q

Horizontal cells

A

Sculpts activity at the synapse between photoreceptors and bipolar cells

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24
Q

Amacrine cells

A

Sculpt activities between bipolar cells and ganglion cells

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25
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Afferent (sensory) neurons that absorb light and change to electrical signals

26
Q

Two types of photoreceptors

A

Rods and cones

27
Q

Photoreceptors contain ___________ in inner/outer segment

A

Photopigments; outer

28
Q

Retinal

A

Light-absorbing molecules; in rods and cones

29
Q

Opsins

A

4 proteins that bind retinal and allow different colors to be interpretated

30
Q

Do rods and cones have the same or different opsins?

A

Different

31
Q

Rods are more sensitive to __________, while cones are more responsible for __________ vision

A

Light; color

32
Q

Opsins absorb different ____________, which observes ______________

A

Wavelengths; what we see

33
Q

What is color vision?

A

The ability to detect differences in the wavelength of light

34
Q

Rods are better in ______ light compared to Cones and Rods are meant for ___________________ vision whereas cones are meant for ________ vision

A

dim; black and white; color

35
Q

Rods have ___________ opsin and Cones have ___________ opsin

A

Rhodopsin; small, medium, large

36
Q

Highest concentration of cones is in the _________

A

Fovea

37
Q

Highest concentration of rods in ______________

A

Periphery

38
Q

Cones have a _____ spatial resolution

A

High

39
Q

CGMP ________ in light

A

catalyzes

40
Q

The ligan for opsin is a

A

photon of light

41
Q

Do opsins have metabotropic or ionotropic receptors?

A

Metabotropic receptors

42
Q

Phosphodiesterase (PDE)

A

Effector protein that our G-protein transducin activates

43
Q

cGMP catalyzes and is converted to

A

GMP

44
Q

RMP of photoreceptors

A

-40 mV

45
Q

Hyperpolarization of photoreceptors

A

-70 mV

46
Q

Glutamate is inhibitory in ONLY On/off bipolar cells

A

ON

47
Q

On bipolar cells are ____ in the dark and _________ in the light

A

hyperpolarize, depolarize

48
Q

Off bipolar cells are ______ in the dark and _______ in the light

A

Depolarized, hyperpolarized

49
Q

In the photoreceptors, light activates the _____, which releases ____________, which catalyzes the _____ into _____, closing the ____________, which ______ the cell

A

opsin; G-Protein; cGMP; GMP; cGMP cation channel; hyperpolarizes

50
Q

On bipolar cells are active in the ______

A

light

51
Q

Off bipolar cells are active in the _______

A

dark

52
Q

Process of ON bipolar cells in the dark;
Photoreceptors releasing _____, which ____________, which closes/opens the channel.

A

Glutamate; activates the g-protein; closes

53
Q

Are On Bipolar cells in the dark hyperpolarized or depolarized

A

Hyperpolarized

54
Q

Process of ON bipolar cells in the light;
Photoreceptors are _________ glutamate, which _________ g-protein, which means that the _____________

A

not releasing; does not activate; channel is not open

55
Q

Process of OFF bipolar cells in the dark;
Photoreceptors are _______ glutamate, which activates the metabotropic/ionotropic channels, which ______ the cell

A

releasing; ionotropic; depolarizes the cell

56
Q

Process of OFF bipolar cells in the light;
Photoreceptors are ______ glutamate; which activates/does not activate the ionotropic channels, which _______ the cells

A

Not releasing; does not activate; hyperpolarizes

57
Q

Photoreceptors in the light __________ glutamate

A

Release

58
Q

Photoreceptors in the dark __________ glutamate

A

Do not release glutamate

59
Q

In the dark, the ganglion cells are activated by _______

A

OFF bipolar cells

60
Q

In the light, the ganglion cells are activated by _________

A

ON bipolar cells

NEU211 Intro to Neuro (13 decks)

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