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Psychology 2220 > Vision > Flashcards

Vision Flashcards

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1
Q

Cornea

A

Refracts light at the retina

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2
Q

Lens

A

Changes shape to fine-tune the image and further refract light towards the retina

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3
Q

Rods

A

More common and see in the dark

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4
Q

Cones

A

Less common but high acuity and see in the day

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5
Q

Horizontal cells

A

Contact photoreceptors and bipolar cells

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

Amacrine cells

A

Contact bipolar and ganglion cells

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8
Q

Order of visual processing

A

Rods/cones> bipolar cells> ganglion cells> optic nerve

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9
Q

Fovea

A

Centre region of the retina that has a high density of smaller, tightly packed cones with high acuity

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10
Q

Retina

A

A layer of neurons at the back of the eye

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11
Q

Optic nerve

A

the collec­tion of ganglion cell axons that extends from the retina to the occipital cortex of the brain.

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12
Q

Optic chiasm

A

The point at which parts of the two optic nerves cross the midline.

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13
Q

Optic tract

A

The axons of retinal ganglion cells (form optic nerve) after they have passed the optic chiasm. Most of these axons terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus.

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14
Q

V1

A

Where most visual information arrives first

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15
Q

V2

A

Adjacent to V1, can respond to illusory boundaries and complex relations among parts of the receptive field4

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16
Q

V4

A

Strong responses to the frequency gratings

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17
Q

V5

A

Specialized for the perception of motion and its direction

18
Q

On-centre receptive field

A

Light hits the cone and causes glutamate release to decrease, depolarizing the on-centre bipolar cell and increasing its neurotransmitter release. This goes to the on-centre ganglion cell which increases its firing rate.

19
Q

Off-centre receptive field

A

Light hits the cone and causes glutamate release to decrease, hyperpolarizing the off-centre bipolar cell and decreasing its neurotransmitter release. This goes to the off-centre ganglion cell which decreases its firing rate.

20
Q

Hubel & Wiesel’s theoretical model of visual analysis

A

Is hierarchical.

More complex receptive fields are built up from inputs of simpler ones.

21
Q

Visual acuity

A

Sharpness of vision

22
Q

Adaptation

A

Each photoreceptor adjusts its level of sensitivity to match the average ambient level of light.

23
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

The phenomenon by which interconnected neurons inhibit
their neighbours, producing contrast at the edges of regions.

24
Q

Trichromatic hypothesis

A

Three different types of cones (RGB) that each respond to a specific part of the spectrum. Each has its own separate pathway to the brain and color is recognized based on which receptors are activated.

25
Q

Opponent-process hypothesis

A

Four unique hues (blue, green, yellow, red) and three opposed pairs of colours (b&y, g&r, b&w).

26
Q

Dorsal stream

A

Assessing the location of objects (where) and guiding our movements towards them

27
Q

Ventral stream

A

Identifying objects (what)

28
Q

Rhodopsin

A

The photopigment in rods that responds to light.

29
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

A

The part of the thalamus that receives information from the optic tract and sends it to visual areas in the occipital cortex.

30
Q

on-center bipolar cell

A

A retinal bipolar cell that is excited by light in the center of its receptive field. know how they work

31
Q

off-center bipolar cell

A

A retinal bipolar cell that is inhibited by light in the center of its receptive field.

32
Q

on-center ganglion cell

A

A retinal ganglion cell that is activated when light is presented to the center, rather than the periphery, of the cell’s receptive field.

33
Q

off-center ganglion cell

A

A retinal ganglion cell that is activated when light is presented to the periphery, rather than the center, of the cell’s receptive field.

34
Q

Amblyopia

A

Reduced visual acuity not caused by optical or retinal damage

35
Q

Optic ataxia

A

Difficulty using vision to reach for and grasp objects

36
Q

Simple cortical cells

A

“Bar detectors” respond to edge or bars of a particular width that is in a specific location in the visual field

37
Q

Complex cortical cells

A

Responds best to bar of a particular width that is in motion anywhere in the field

38
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

Sensory receptor cells inhibit information from the neighbouring receptor cells

39
Q

Scotopic system

A

Rods

40
Q

Photopic system

A

Cones

41
Q

Myopia (nearsightedness)

A

Difficulty seeing distant objects

Psychology 2220 (13 decks)

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