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Psychology 2220 > Test 1 Studying > Flashcards

Test 1 Studying Flashcards

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1
Q

4 types of glial cells

A

Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, Astrocytes, and microglial cells.

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2
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Forms myelin in the CNS

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3
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Forms myelin in the PNS

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4
Q

Astrocytes

A

Numerous processes including forming tough outer membranes of the brain.

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5
Q

Microglial Cells

A

Primary job is contain and cleaning up sites of injury. Remove cellular debris.

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6
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

Most common. Many dendrites –> a single axon

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7
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

Common in sensory systems. Single dendrite –> single axon

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8
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

Single branch(axon) that leaves cell body then extends in two directions. One is input zone(dendrites) and the other end is output zone(terminals).

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9
Q

Differentiate between grey and white matter

A

Grey matter: mostly receives and processes info

White matter: mostly transmits info

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10
Q

Brainstem parts

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla

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11
Q

Midbrain parts

A

Tectum: Superior colliculi
Inferior colliculi
Motor: Substantia Nigra

Other: Reticular formation
Periaqueductal gray

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12
Q

Cervical

A

Neck (8 segments)

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13
Q

Thoracic

A

Trunk (12 segments)

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14
Q

Lumbar

A

Lower back (5 segments)

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15
Q

Sacral

A

Pelvic (5 segments)

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16
Q

Coccygeal

A

Bottom (1 segment)

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17
Q

Different levels of analysis

A

Social>Organ>Neural Systems> Brain Region>Circuit>Cellular>Synaptic>Molecular

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18
Q

Resting potential

A

(-70mV) Cells interior is more negative

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19
Q

Depolarization

A

(-55mV) Positive Na ions enter the cell through Na channels to make it more positive up to +30mV

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20
Q

Repolarization

A

Potassium channels open slowly allowing potassium to flow out bringing the voltage back to zero.

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21
Q

Why does myelin speed up conduction?

A

Saltatory conduction lets action potentials jump between myelin because it resists the flow of ions

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22
Q

Influences on action potential conduction velocity

A

Larger axon diameter=spread faster

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23
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)

A

Increase the probability that a postsynaptic neuron will fire an action potential

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24
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP)

A

Decreases the probability that a postsynaptic neuron will fire an action potential

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25
Q

Spatial summation

A

Summing of all potentials that reach the axon hillock, if the sum reaches the threshold we get an action potential

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26
Q

Temporal summation

A

Summing of all potential but based on time of arrival. The closer together the greater their impact and chance of making an action potential

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27
Q

Sequence of chemical transmission between two neurons

A
  1. Action potential arrives at presynaptic neuron
  2. Voltage gated Ca channels in the terminal open and Ca enters
  3. Ca causes synaptic vesicles to fuse and dump neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft
  4. Transmitters bind to postsynaptic receptor molecules causing ion channels to open and leading to an EPSP or IPSP
  5. EPSP or IPSP spreads toward postsynaptic axon hillock, if threshold is reached then we get action potential
  6. Synaptic transmission is rapidly stopped
  7. Transmitter may activate presynaptic receipts that decrease transmitter release
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28
Q

Tonic-clonic seizures

A

Abnormal EEG activity all over

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29
Q

Simple partial seizures

A

(absence attacks) Spike and wave EEG activity

30
Q

Complex partial seizures

A

Do not involve entire brain

31
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

(motor control) Labels

32
Q

Limbic system

A

(emotion and learning) Labels

33
Q

Major parts of the neuron

A

Labels

34
Q

Acetylcholine

A

(Quaternary Amine family) Plays a major role in neurotransmission in the forebrain, widespread loss can lead to Alzheimers

35
Q

Dopamine

A

(Monoamine family) Associated with motor control and reward system

36
Q

Serotonin

A

(Monoamine family) Associated with mood, vision, sex, anxiety, sleep and many others.

37
Q

Norepinephrine

A

(Monoamine family) Controls behaviours like mood

38
Q

GABA

A

(Amino acid family) A common inhibitor in all mammals

39
Q

Glutamate

A

(Amino acid family) A transmitter that is very common in excitatory transmission

40
Q

Agonists

A

Mimics the action of a transmitter or makes it more effective

41
Q

Antagonists

A

Blocks the action of a transmitter or makes it less effective

42
Q

Dose-response curve

A

A formal graph of dose given (x) vs drug effect (y)

43
Q

Affinity

A

The desire of molecules of a drug to bind to receptors

44
Q

Benzodiazepines vs SSRI’s

A

Benzos: Enhance inhibitory effects of GABA

SSRI’s: block reuptake of serotonin

Sometimes Benz is prescribed with SSRI to reduce anxiety

45
Q

Cannabis

A

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol(THC), works off cannabinoid receptors

46
Q

Moral model

A

Abuser lacks self control

47
Q

Disease model

A

Abuser requires medical treatments

48
Q

Physical dependence model

A

Abuser uses to avoid withdrawal symptoms

49
Q

Positive reward model

A

Abuser is controlled by positive rewards from drugs

50
Q

Social brain hypothesis

A

The neocortex evolved to accommodate social interactions

51
Q

Ecological intelligence hypothesis

A

Larger brain could have been advantageous for adapting to different environments and solving complex ecological challenges

52
Q

Cultural brain hypothesis

A

The transmission of knowledge, skills and cultural practices among people may have placed pressure on cognitive abilities

53
Q

Cognitive buffer hypothesis

A

A larger brain provided a cognitive buffer against environmental uncertainty

54
Q

Dietary brain hypothesis

A

Shift to a diet that was more energy rich played a role in brain expansion

55
Q

Evolutionary eye development

A

Photosensitive patch>cup eye>pinhole camera> lens camera

56
Q

Six stages of brain development

A
  1. Neurogenesis
  2. Cell migration
  3. Cell differentiation
  4. Synaptogenesis
  5. Cell death
  6. Synapse rearrangement
57
Q
  1. Neurogenesis
A

Mitosis produces neurons from non-neuronal cells forming ventricular zone

58
Q
  1. Cell migration
A

Cells move out of the ventricular zone toward their destination, where they express particular genes

59
Q
  1. Cell differentiation
A

Cells become distinctive types of neurons or glial cells

60
Q
  1. Synaptogenesis
A

Establishment of synaptic connections

61
Q
  1. Cell death
A

Selective death of many neurons we don’t need

62
Q
  1. Synapse rearrangement
A

Loss or development of synapses, fine-tuning

63
Q

Human embryonic development stages

A

3 layers develop in the embryo; endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm.

Crests of the neural groove join forming the neural tube

Anterior part of the neural tube has 3 subdivisions, the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.

64
Q

Ectoderm

A

The outer layer of the embryo that becomes the nervous system

65
Q

Visual deprivation experiments

A

Eyelids were sutured shut or animal suited with frosted contacts in order to see the effect of early disuse of visual system

66
Q

Binocular deprivation

A

Covering of both eyes. If done for long enough during sensitive period, will blind a person. Light enters eyes and a visual signal is sent but the brain ignores it

67
Q

Monocular deprivation

A

Covering of one eye. Can permanently impair vision in the deprived eye

68
Q

Genotype

A

All genetic information one inherits

69
Q

Phenotype

A

The expression of genes, ones physical characteristics

70
Q

Epigenetics

A

The study of factors that affect gene expression without making any changes to the nucleotide sequence

71
Q

Alzheimers

A

Brain exhibits cortical atrophy and reduced metabolism. Patches of amyloid plaques formed by beta-amyloid buildup, neurofibrillary tangles, loss of neurons that make acetylcholine in the forebrain.

Psychology 2220 (13 decks)

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