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Psychology 2220 > Psychopathology & Memory > Flashcards

Psychopathology & Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Delusions

A

False beliefs held in spit of contrary evidence

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2
Q

Paralytic dementia

A

Was actually syphillis

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3
Q

Positive symptoms

A

Abnormal behaviours that are gained eg. hallucinations

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4
Q

Negative symptoms

A

Loss of normal function eg. depression

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5
Q

Cognitive impairment

A

Changes in memory, attention, social perception

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6
Q

Concordance rate

A

Probability of a pair of individuals having the same genetics given that one has them

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7
Q

Concordance rate for schizophrenia in identical twins

A

50%

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8
Q

Other possible causes of schizophrenia

A

Lower birth weight, more physiological distress and more sensitive behaviour

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9
Q

People with schizophrenia often display _____ with smooth movement of the eyes and ______ motor coordination

A

difficulty impaired

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10
Q

Stressors that could cause schizophrenia

A

-Transition from childhood to adulthood
-Prenatal stress, maternal illnesses
-City living

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11
Q

Brain abnormalities in patient with schizophrenia

A

-Enlarged lateral cerebral ventricles
-Cortical abnormalities such as:
>Structure and function of the corpus callosum
>Accelerated cortical thinning

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12
Q

Hypofrontality hypothesis

A

Frontal lobes are underachieve in people with schizophrenia

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13
Q

Lobotomy

A

The surgical separation of the frontal lobes from the rest of the brain

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14
Q

Chlorpromazine

A

An antipsychotic that reduced positive symptoms of schizophrenia and lead to dopamine hypothesis

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15
Q

Dopamine hypothesis

A

Schizophrenia is caused by an excess of either dopamine release or dopamine receptors

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16
Q

Drawbacks to dopamine hypothesis

A

Drugs block dopamine receptors faster than symptoms are reduced and some effective treatments increase dopamine levels.

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17
Q

First generation (typical) antipsychotics

A

Block postsynaptic dopamine receptors (D2)

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18
Q

Second generation (atypical) antipsychotics

A

Lower affinity for dopamine receptors, their highest affinity is for another transmitter receptor

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19
Q

Clozapine

A

Blocks serotonin receptors

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20
Q

Dyskinesia side effects

A

Initial, maladaptive motor symptoms, disappear when the dose is reduced

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21
Q

Tardive dyskinesia side effects

A

Occurs after longtime use of the drug; repetitive, involuntary movements that are irreversible

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22
Q

Supersensitivity psychosis

A

An increase in positive symptoms of schizophrenia upon discontinuation of an antipsychotic drug

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23
Q

Glutamate hypothesis

A

Schizophrenia is caused by an under activation of glutamate receptors

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24
Q

Characteristics of depression

A

-Unhappy mood
-Loss of interests
-Changes in appetite and sleep
-Difficulty in concentration
-Restless agitation
-Pessimism and thoughts of death

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25
Q

Brain changes with depression

A

Increased activation in frontal lobes during cognitive tasks and amygdala during emotional processing. Decreased blood flow to areas controlling attention. Lastly cortex of right hemisphere is thinner

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26
Q

Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)

A

When other treatments are not working then a strong electrical current is passed through the brain causing a seizure

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27
Q

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

A

More modern than ECT, alters cortical electrical activity, multiple treatments

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28
Q

Monamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI)

A

Raise the levels of monamine at the synapses. Monoamine inactivates norepinephrine dopamine, and serotonin

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29
Q

Tricyclics

A

Antidepressant that inhibits the reuptake of monoamines

30
Q

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s)

A

Blocks the reuptake of serotonin in the brain

31
Q

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)

A

Can be as effective as SSRI’s and are more effective used together

32
Q

How is sleep altered by depression?

A

Stage 3 sleep is reduced, patients enter REM quickly and have more REM at the start of the night

33
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

Characterized by periods of depression alternating with periods of expansive mood (mania)

34
Q

Rapid-cycling

A

Consists of four or more cycles per year

35
Q

Brain changes in bipolar disorder

A

Similar to schizophrenia, enlarged ventricles and reduced grey matter

36
Q

Lithium

A

An effective treatment for bipolar that increases gray matter in the brain

37
Q

Phobic disorders

A

Intense irrational fears centred on an object, activity or situation

38
Q

Panic disorders

A

Recurrent transient attacks of intense fearfulness

39
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

Persistent, excessive anxiety and worry

40
Q

Treatments for anxiety

A

Benzodiazepines which bind to GABA receptors and enhance the inhibitory action

41
Q

Post-traumatic stress disorder

A

Unpleasant memories repeatedly plague the individual including amnesia, short term memory changes, flashbacks

42
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

An anxiety disorder in which an individual experiences recurrent unwanted thoughts and engages in repetitive behaviours without reason or the ability to stop

43
Q

Routine acts become…

A

Compulsions (behaviours)

44
Q

Recurrent thoughts become…

A

Obsessions (thoughts)

45
Q

Learning

A

The process of acquiring new information

46
Q

Memory

A

The ability to store and retrieve information

47
Q

Retrograde amensia

A

Loss of memories formed before onset of amnesia

48
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

The inability to form memories after the onset of a disorder

49
Q

Hippocampus

A

Seems to be associated with amnesia

50
Q

Sensory register

A

Information through our senses

51
Q

Short term memory

A

18 seconds, 7 plus or minus 2 items of capacity

52
Q

Long term memory

A

Unlimited duration, capacity and coding is semantic

53
Q

Explicit memory

A

Conscious

54
Q

Implicit memory

A

Unconscious

55
Q

Declarative memory

A

Facts and events (“what” questions)

56
Q

Non declarative (procedural) memory

A

Skills and tasks (“how” questions)

57
Q

Episodic memory

A

Events and experiences (like an episode)

58
Q

Semantic memory

A

Facts and knowledge

59
Q

Delayed non-matching-to-sample-task

A

A test that requires monkeys to declare what they remember by identifying things they have previously NOT seen

60
Q

Skill learning

A

Non declarative memory challenging task learning through repetition. Impaired by damage to basal ganglia

61
Q

Priming

A

Non declarative: A change in stimulus processing due to prior exposure to the stimulus

62
Q

Associative learning

A

The association between two stimuli or between stimulus and a response

63
Q

Hippocampus

A

Important in spatial learning

64
Q

Place cells

A

Active when moving toward a particular location

65
Q

Encoding

A

Sensory information to working memory

66
Q

Consolidation

A

Information may be consolidated into long-term storage

67
Q

Retrieval

A

Stored information is retrieved

68
Q

Reconsolidation

A

The return of a memory trace to stable, long-term storage after recall

69
Q

Hebbian synapses

A

When two neurons are repeatedly activated together their synaptic connection will become stronger. They could act together to store memory traces

70
Q

Tetanus

A

A brief high frequency burst of electrical stimuli is applied to presynaptic neurons

71
Q

Long term potentiation (LTP)

A

A stable and lasting increase in the effectiveness of synapses

Psychology 2220 (13 decks)

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