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Psychology 2220 > Sleep & Emotions > Flashcards

Sleep & Emotions Flashcards

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1
Q

Ultradian rhythms

A

Repeat more than once a day

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2
Q

Infradian rhythms

A

Repeat less frequently than once a day

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3
Q

Biological rhythms

A

Regular fluctuations in any living process

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4
Q

Free-running rhythm

A

Circadian cycles without entrainment, close to 24hrs

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5
Q

Entrainment

A

Synchrony with the day/night cycle by using a zeitgeber

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6
Q

Zeitgeber

A

A cue used to synchronize with day/night cycles

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7
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

Where biological clock is located (in hypothalamus above optic chiasm), lesions eliminate circadian rhythms

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8
Q

Pineal gland

A

Secretes melatonin at night, sensitive to light in amphibians and birds

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9
Q

Retinohypothalamic pathway

A

Formed by some retinal ganglion cells, carries light information from the eye to the SCN to entrain biological rhythms

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10
Q

What happens at puberty in terms of circadian rhythm?

A

It shifts so teens get up later

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11
Q

Electroencephalographs (EEG)

A

Record electrical activity in the brain that can be used to classify levels of arousal and sleep

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12
Q

Rapid-eye-movement sleep (REM)

A

Small amplitudes and fast EEG waves similar to an awake person

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13
Q

Stage 1 sleep

A
  • More time in alpha rhythm
  • Smaller amplitude waves and irregular frequency
  • Sharp waves called vertex spikes
  • Heart rate slows, muscles relax, eyes roll about
  • Lasts a few mins
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14
Q

Stage 2 sleep

A

Sleep spindles

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15
Q

Stage 3 (slow wave) sleep

A

-Delta waves (large amplitude, very slow)
-Non-rem dreams occur

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16
Q

Awake

A

Desynchronized EEG or beta activity

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17
Q

Typical young adult sleep

A
  • 7-8 hours
  • Half of sleep is stage 2
  • 20% is REM
  • Cycles last 90-110 mins
    -Earlier cycles have more stage 3
  • Later cycles have more REM
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18
Q

Activation-synthesis theory

A

Experiences in REM sleep are random results of neurons that happen to get activated

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19
Q

Unilateral sleep

A

Only one hemisphere enters SWS at a time

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20
Q

Infant sleep facts

A

-More
-Shorter cycles
-More REM sleep (50%)

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21
Q

Elderly sleep facts

A
  • Total sleep time declines
  • Increased awakenings
  • Stage 3 sleep declines
    • Half as much by 60, gone by 90
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22
Q

Sleep deprivation

A
  • Increased irritability
  • Difficulty concentrating
  • Episodes of disorientation
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23
Q

Sleep recovery

A
  • Night 1: More stage 3 sleep at the expense of stage 2
  • Nights 1 and 2: REM sleep shows a great increase and is more intense
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24
Q

Why sleep?

A

Conserves energy and helps animals avoid predators when they’re most vulnerable. Also has a restorative function

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25
Q

Sleep and memory consolidation

A
  • Improves retention
  • Perceptual skills improved by period of REM
  • Memory tasks and motor skills benefit from SWS
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26
Q

Forebrain system

A

Generates SWS

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27
Q

Brainstem system

A

Activates the forebrain to wakefulness

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28
Q

Pontine system

A

Triggers REM sleep

29
Q

Hypothalamic system

A

Coordinates the other three systems

30
Q

Basal forebrain

A

Generates constant SWS activity at forebrain, becomes active at sleep onset and releases GABA

31
Q

Anesthetics

A

Stimulate GABA receptors in tuberomamillary nucleus

32
Q

The pons

A

Locus coeruleus, triggers REM sleep

33
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Sleep attacks, lost 90% of orexin neurons

34
Q

Cataplexy

A

A sudden loss of muscle tone leading to collapse

35
Q

Orexin neurons

A

Neurons in the hypothalamus that project to other sleep system centres

36
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

Pontine centre imposes muscle paralysis

37
Q

Sleep enuresis

A

(bed wetting) associated with SWS

38
Q

Somnambulism

A

(sleep walking) Occurs in stage 3 SWS

39
Q

REM behaviour disorder (RBD)

A
  • Organized behaviour in a person who appears to be asleep
  • Usually after age 50, more common in men
  • May be followed by Parkinson’s symptoms
40
Q

Sleep-onset insomnia

A

Trouble falling asleep, caused by situational factors

41
Q

Sleep-maintenance insomnia

A

Difficulty staying asleep, caused by drugs or neurological factors

42
Q

Emotion

A

A subjective mental state that is usually accompanied by distinctive behaviours as well as involuntary physiological changes

43
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Fight or flight

44
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Relax and recuperate

45
Q

Folk psychology theory

A

Feelings trigger autonomic reaction

46
Q

James-Lange theory

A

Autonomic reaction triggers feeling

47
Q

Cannon Bard theory

A

Simultaneous autonomic reaction and feeling

48
Q

Darwin

A

Suggested that expressions of emotions are universal

49
Q

What do emotions do?

A

Act as motivational programs that evolved to coordinate responses to solve adaptive problems

50
Q

Plutchiks 8 basic emotions

A
  • Joy/sadness
  • Affection/disgust
  • Anger/fear
  • Expectation/surprise
  • Sometimes contempt/embarrassment
51
Q

Ekmans 8 facial expressions of emotion

A
  • Anger
  • Sadness
  • Happiness
  • Fear
  • Disgust
  • Surprise
  • Contempt
  • Embarrassment
52
Q

Superficial facial muscles

A

Attach between points of facial skin.

Innervated by the facial nerve

53
Q

Deep facial muscles

A

Attach to bone, produce larger movements like chewing.

Innervated by the motor branch of the trigeminal nerve (V)

54
Q

Facial feedback hypothesis

A

Sensory feedback from our facial expressions affects our mood

55
Q

James Papez subcortical circuit of emotion

A

Noticed emotional changes from specific sites of brain damage

56
Q

Amygdala

A

Involved in fear mediation and emotional learning

57
Q

Different emotions activate ____ regions of the brain

A

Different

58
Q

Testosterone

A

Increases aggression in man species but unclear in humans

59
Q

Serotonin

A

Inhibits aggression

60
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

A

Involved in aggressive behaviour

61
Q

Maternal aggression

A

Aggression in mothers defending their nest or offspring controlled partially by VMH

62
Q

Stress triggers release of…

A
  • Cortisol from adrenal cortex
  • Epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal medulla
63
Q

Stress immunization

A

Mild stress early in life improves resiliency to later stress

64
Q

Epigenetic regulation

A

Represents a change in the expression of the gene rather than a change in the encoding region of the gene

65
Q

Psychosomatic medicine

A

Emphasizes the role of psychological factors in disease

66
Q

Health psychology

A

Emphasizes the psychological influences such as social factors of cognitive-behavioural factors on health and illness

67
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology

A
  • Studies the interactions of the immune system with hormonal and neurological systems
  • Stressful periods suppress the immune system
68
Q

Adrenal steroid hormones

A

Released during stress, suppress the immune system allowing all resources to be used for immediate survival

69
Q
A

Psychology 2220 (13 decks)

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