Viruses of the Genital Tract and Pregnant Uterus

Question 1

Methods of horizontal genital tract infections?

Answer 1

1. Venereal

2. Other sites

Question 2

Methods of vertical transmission of genital tract infections?

Answer 2

1. Placenta
2. Genital tract
3. Milk

Question 3

What may reproductive failure to to viruses be caused by?

Answer 3

1. Viral replication in foetal tissues
2. Damage to placenta blood vessels
3. Stress and pyrexia
4. Combinations of all

Question 4

How can carrier animals shed virus without obvious clinical signs?

Answer 4

Semen
Resp secretions
Faeces

Question 5

2 main methods o lab diagnosis of viral diseases causing reproductive failure?

Answer 5

1. Detection of virus

2. Detection of anitbody

Question 6

Lab diagnostic methods to detect virus? Problems?

Answer 6

PCR
Virus isolation
Antigen detection
Problems: If sample is not fresh viruses lose infectivity and nucleic acids/protein degrade

Question 7

Lab diagnostics to detect antibody in repro? Problems?

Answer 7

Antibody detection in foetal fluids

Serology of the dam

Question 8

Viruses of the horse reproductive tract?

Answer 8

EHV
EAV
Equine papillomavirus 2 = SCC

Question 9

Name the 3 herpesvirus affecting the horse reproductive tract and what they cause…

Answer 9

1. EHV-1
   - Abortions
   - Resp disease
   - Paralysis
2. EHV-3
   - Genital pustules but not abortion
3. EHV-3
   - Respiratory disease
   - Rarely isolated abortions

Question 10

Describe the cycling of EHV1

Answer 10

1. Infections of young horses
2. Recruitment of new hosts into cycle
3. Establishment of viral latency
   - in CNS
4. Reactivation of virus from latency
5. Nasal shedding of infectious virus

Question 11

Results of EHV1 infections in pregnant mares?

Answer 11

Abortion in last third trimester
Fresh foetus
Lung oedema
Multifocal necrosis in liver, lungs and spleen of foetus

Question 12

Diagnosis of EHV1 abortions?

Answer 12

PM of foetus and placenta
PCR
Microscopic examination of tissue staining
EHV1 immunostaining

Question 13

Prevention/control of EHV?

Answer 13

Isolate pregnant mates during last trimester
Vaccination of all horses of premises
Combination vaccines of EHV1&4
Collect foetus and placenta for testing
Paired serology samples from mare to test for rising antibodies

Question 14

Equine arteritis virus:

1. Notifiable?
2. Entry route
3. What cell does it infect?

Answer 14

1. Notifiable
2. Via resp tract or semen
3. Infects macrophages and endothelial cells

Question 15

Clinical signs of EAV?

Answer 15

Some subclinical
Fever
Depresion
Conjunctivitis
Periorbital and leg oedema
Abortion

Question 16

Diagnosis of EAV abortion?

Answer 16

Clinical signs
Investigate travel history
Diagnosis aborted foetus/semen by virus isolation or PCR
High virus-neutralising antibody levels in mare at time of abortion
Rising post-abortion anitbody titres

Question 17

Problems with EAV diagnosis?

Answer 17

Stallions can shed virus in semen without clinical signs
May be subclinical
Virus persists in accessory glands of stallion

Question 18

Control of EAV?

Answer 18

Movement restrictions

Vaccinations of stallions - Confirm AB negative before

Question 19

When is EAV notifiable?

Answer 19

Clinical signs are observed in the stallion
Evidence of EAV by semen or blood testing
Clinical signs/lab results indicate EAV in mare mated/AI within past 14 days

Question 20

Viruses of the reproductive tract of cattle?

Answer 20

1. BVDv
2. BHV1
3. Schmallenberg
4. Bluetongue
5. Bovine papillomavirus 1

Question 21

BVDV:

1. Shedding
2. Spread to foetus

Answer 21

1. Shed in resp secretions, faeces and semen

2. Haematogenous spread to foetus via the placenta

Question 22

What is the ovine equivalent to BVD?

Answer 22

Hairy Shaker Disease/Borders Diseases Virus

Question 23

What happens when BVD infects non-pregnant naive cattle?

Answer 23

Scour, milk drop, reduced WBCs, mild illness

Cows produce antibodies 2 weeks after infectiond

Question 24

What happens when BVD infects naive animals in the first trimester of pregnancy?

Answer 24

Virus terminates pregnancy and reduces fertility
Some calves survive and born as a PI
Cows produce anitbodies 2 weeks after infection

Question 25

What happens when BVD infects naive animals in the second trimester?

Answer 25

Virus causes abortion or deformities in calves | Cows produce antibodies 2 weeks after infection

Question 26

What happens when BVD infects naive animals in the third trimester of pregnancy?

Answer 26

Foetus born weak or can be normal healthy calf | Cows produce antibodies 2 weeks after infection

Question 27

BVD abortion diagnosis?

Answer 27

PM examination of aborted foetus with PCR of lymphoid tissue Histopathology with IMHC Maternal serology

Question 28

Prevention and control of BVDv?

Answer 28

Endemic in the UK Identify and remove PIs Vaccination of dams Accreditation of herds as BVDFree

Question 29

What does bovine herpesvirus 1 cause?

Answer 29

IBR - infectious bovine rhinotracheitis IPV - infectious pustular vulvovaginitis IBP - infectious balanoposthitis Abortions

Question 30

How is BHV1 spread?

Answer 30

Venereal | Aerosol

Question 31

Describe IPV in cattle..

Answer 31

Painful genital lesions Swelling Frequent urination Tend to be selflimiting

Question 32

Describe BHV1 abortions...

Answer 32

``` Following resp infection May occur weeks after infection Predominantly at 4-8 months gestation Necrosis of foetal lungs and liver Abortion uncommon in the UK ```

Question 33

Diagnosis, prevention and control of BHV1?

Answer 33

PCR of foetal tissues/serology Latent herpesvirus reactivation = prevent stress Isolate and test new stock Vaccination with DIVA vaccines

Question 34

What are DIVA vaccines?

Answer 34

Differentiate between infected and vaccinated animals = marker vaccine

Question 35

Schmallenberg virus: 1. Spread 2. When does infection occur? 3. Tropism for virus

Answer 35

1. Arbovirus (midges) 2. Infection of dam in early preg 3. Neurotropism (innervation damage so foetus cannot do exercises in utero

Question 36

Clinical signs of schmallenberg virus?

Answer 36

Arthorogryposis | Hydranencephaly

Question 37

Diagnosis of schmallenberg?

Answer 37

PCR (brain tissue) HIstopath Foetal serology Maternal serology

Question 38

Bluetongue 1. Spread 2. Clinical signs 3. Diagnosis 4. Notifiable?

Answer 38

1. Arbovirus (midges) 2. Abortions (pyrexia) and hydranencephaly 3. Diagnosis: - PCR - Serology 4. Yes

Question 39

Viruses of the reproductive tract in the dog?

Answer 39

Canine herpesvirus 1

Question 40

Clinical signs of reproductive CHV1?

Answer 40

``` Fading puppy syndrome Screaming puppies Poor regulation of body temperature Organ necrosis Haemorrhages esp in kidneys ```

Question 41

Prevention of CHV1?

Answer 41

Vaccination of pregnant bitches | Keep pups warm

Question 42

Viruses of the cat reproductive tract?

Answer 42

1. FeLV | 2. Feline parvovirus