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Reproduction > Viruses of the Genital Tract and Pregnant Uterus > Flashcards

Viruses of the Genital Tract and Pregnant Uterus Flashcards

1
Q

Methods of horizontal genital tract infections?

A
  1. Venereal

2. Other sites

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2
Q

Methods of vertical transmission of genital tract infections?

A
  1. Placenta
  2. Genital tract
  3. Milk
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3
Q

What may reproductive failure to to viruses be caused by?

A
  1. Viral replication in foetal tissues
  2. Damage to placenta blood vessels
  3. Stress and pyrexia
  4. Combinations of all
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4
Q

How can carrier animals shed virus without obvious clinical signs?

A

Semen
Resp secretions
Faeces

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5
Q

2 main methods o lab diagnosis of viral diseases causing reproductive failure?

A
  1. Detection of virus

2. Detection of anitbody

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6
Q

Lab diagnostic methods to detect virus? Problems?

A

PCR
Virus isolation
Antigen detection
Problems: If sample is not fresh viruses lose infectivity and nucleic acids/protein degrade

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7
Q

Lab diagnostics to detect antibody in repro? Problems?

A

Antibody detection in foetal fluids

Serology of the dam

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8
Q

Viruses of the horse reproductive tract?

A

EHV
EAV
Equine papillomavirus 2 = SCC

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9
Q

Name the 3 herpesvirus affecting the horse reproductive tract and what they cause…

A
  1. EHV-1
    - Abortions
    - Resp disease
    - Paralysis
  2. EHV-3
    - Genital pustules but not abortion
  3. EHV-3
    - Respiratory disease
    - Rarely isolated abortions
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10
Q

Describe the cycling of EHV1

A
  1. Infections of young horses
  2. Recruitment of new hosts into cycle
  3. Establishment of viral latency
    - in CNS
  4. Reactivation of virus from latency
  5. Nasal shedding of infectious virus
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11
Q

Results of EHV1 infections in pregnant mares?

A

Abortion in last third trimester
Fresh foetus
Lung oedema
Multifocal necrosis in liver, lungs and spleen of foetus

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12
Q

Diagnosis of EHV1 abortions?

A

PM of foetus and placenta
PCR
Microscopic examination of tissue staining
EHV1 immunostaining

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13
Q

Prevention/control of EHV?

A

Isolate pregnant mates during last trimester
Vaccination of all horses of premises
Combination vaccines of EHV1&4
Collect foetus and placenta for testing
Paired serology samples from mare to test for rising antibodies

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14
Q

Equine arteritis virus:

  1. Notifiable?
  2. Entry route
  3. What cell does it infect?
A
  1. Notifiable
  2. Via resp tract or semen
  3. Infects macrophages and endothelial cells
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15
Q

Clinical signs of EAV?

A 
Some subclinical
Fever
Depresion
Conjunctivitis
Periorbital and leg oedema
Abortion
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16
Q

Diagnosis of EAV abortion?

A

Clinical signs
Investigate travel history
Diagnosis aborted foetus/semen by virus isolation or PCR
High virus-neutralising antibody levels in mare at time of abortion
Rising post-abortion anitbody titres

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17
Q

Problems with EAV diagnosis?

A

Stallions can shed virus in semen without clinical signs
May be subclinical
Virus persists in accessory glands of stallion

18
Q

Control of EAV?

A

Movement restrictions

Vaccinations of stallions - Confirm AB negative before

19
Q

When is EAV notifiable?

A

Clinical signs are observed in the stallion
Evidence of EAV by semen or blood testing
Clinical signs/lab results indicate EAV in mare mated/AI within past 14 days

20
Q

Viruses of the reproductive tract of cattle?

A
  1. BVDv
  2. BHV1
  3. Schmallenberg
  4. Bluetongue
  5. Bovine papillomavirus 1
21
Q

BVDV:

  1. Shedding
  2. Spread to foetus
A
  1. Shed in resp secretions, faeces and semen

2. Haematogenous spread to foetus via the placenta

22
Q

What is the ovine equivalent to BVD?

A

Hairy Shaker Disease/Borders Diseases Virus

23
Q

What happens when BVD infects non-pregnant naive cattle?

A

Scour, milk drop, reduced WBCs, mild illness

Cows produce antibodies 2 weeks after infectiond

24
Q

What happens when BVD infects naive animals in the first trimester of pregnancy?

A

Virus terminates pregnancy and reduces fertility
Some calves survive and born as a PI
Cows produce anitbodies 2 weeks after infection

25
Q

What happens when BVD infects naive animals in the second trimester?

A

Virus causes abortion or deformities in calves

Cows produce antibodies 2 weeks after infection

26
Q

What happens when BVD infects naive animals in the third trimester of pregnancy?

A

Foetus born weak or can be normal healthy calf

Cows produce antibodies 2 weeks after infection

27
Q

BVD abortion diagnosis?

A

PM examination of aborted foetus with PCR of lymphoid tissue
Histopathology with IMHC
Maternal serology

28
Q

Prevention and control of BVDv?

A

Endemic in the UK
Identify and remove PIs
Vaccination of dams
Accreditation of herds as BVDFree

29
Q

What does bovine herpesvirus 1 cause?

A

IBR - infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

IPV - infectious pustular vulvovaginitis

IBP - infectious balanoposthitis

Abortions

30
Q

How is BHV1 spread?

A

Venereal

Aerosol

31
Q

Describe IPV in cattle..

A

Painful genital lesions
Swelling
Frequent urination
Tend to be selflimiting

32
Q

Describe BHV1 abortions…

A 
Following resp infection
May occur weeks after infection
Predominantly at 4-8 months gestation
Necrosis of foetal lungs and liver
Abortion uncommon in the UK
33
Q

Diagnosis, prevention and control of BHV1?

A

PCR of foetal tissues/serology
Latent herpesvirus reactivation = prevent stress
Isolate and test new stock
Vaccination with DIVA vaccines

34
Q

What are DIVA vaccines?

A

Differentiate between infected and vaccinated animals = marker vaccine

35
Q

Schmallenberg virus:

  1. Spread
  2. When does infection occur?
  3. Tropism for virus
A
  1. Arbovirus (midges)
  2. Infection of dam in early preg
  3. Neurotropism (innervation damage so foetus cannot do exercises in utero
36
Q

Clinical signs of schmallenberg virus?

A

Arthorogryposis

Hydranencephaly

37
Q

Diagnosis of schmallenberg?

A

PCR (brain tissue)
HIstopath
Foetal serology
Maternal serology

38
Q

Bluetongue

  1. Spread
  2. Clinical signs
  3. Diagnosis
  4. Notifiable?
A
  1. Arbovirus (midges)
  2. Abortions (pyrexia) and hydranencephaly
  3. Diagnosis:
    - PCR
    - Serology
  4. Yes
39
Q

Viruses of the reproductive tract in the dog?

A

Canine herpesvirus 1

40
Q

Clinical signs of reproductive CHV1?

A 
Fading puppy syndrome
Screaming puppies
Poor regulation of body temperature
Organ necrosis
Haemorrhages esp in kidneys
41
Q

Prevention of CHV1?

A

Vaccination of pregnant bitches

Keep pups warm

42
Q

Viruses of the cat reproductive tract?

A
  1. FeLV

2. Feline parvovirus

Reproduction (22 decks)

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