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Pathology of the Female Genital Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different portal os entry for pathogens in the female genital tract?

A
  1. Ascending infection
  2. Haematogenous spread
  3. Descending from ovary
  4. Transneural infection
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2
Q

How does the innate immune system prevent infection in the female genital tract?

A

Sterile environment:

  1. physical barriers e.g. cervix
  2. neutrophils, macrophages, complement, cytokines
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3
Q

How does the adaptive immune system prevent infection of the female genital tract?

A

Response to pathogens by tolerate spermatozoa and foetus

  • Humoral immunity e.g. local and systemic antibodies
  • Cellular immunity e.g. T cells
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4
Q

How does oestrogen influence immunity?

A

Disease resistance is under the influence of oestrogen (upregulates T and B cells)

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5
Q

How does progesterone (P4) influence immunity?

A

Uterus more susceptible to infections during pregnancy

promotes poorer immunity due to presence of foetus when progesterone is high

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6
Q

What does inflammation of the uterus lead to in terms of hormone production?

A

Epithelial and mucosal surface loss, leading to decreased PGF2alpha production (no lyses of CL)

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7
Q

When is there better drainage of the cervix?

A

At oestrus because the cervix is open

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8
Q

Where and what disorders of the female genital tract occur?

A

Developmental abnormalities
Non-infectious disease
Infectious disease
Neoplasia

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9
Q

At what levels can sex be determined?

A

Genetic
Gonadal
Ductal
Phenotypic

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10
Q

What is the difference between a male pseudohermaphrodite and a true haemophrodite?

A 
Male = testes replace ovaries
True = gondal tissues of male and female
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11
Q

What are the types of developmental ovarian cysts?

A 
Panovarian cysts
Intraovarian cysts
(Don't cause infertility unless large size reached)
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12
Q

What are the types of acquired ovarian cysts?

A

Follicular cysts
Anovulatory luteinised cysts (luteal)
Cystic corpora cutea

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13
Q

Describe follicular cysts….

A 
Failure of mature follicle to ovulate
>2.5cm (cow), >1cm (sow)
Persistence for over 10 days
Anovulation without lutinisation due to HPOA abnormality
Lack of LH peak
Stress = high cortisol which reduces GnRH levels
Anoestrus
Nymphomania
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14
Q

Describe anovulatory cysts (luteal cysts)

A 
Anovulation with luteinisation of theca 
- Delayed or insufficient LH peak
Thicker wall
Mostly anoestrus
Some progesterone production
Interferes with regular cycling
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15
Q

Describe cystic corpora lutea…

A

Normal ovulation
Ovulation papilla on surface
No infertility
Confused with luteal cysts

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16
Q

What is oophoritis?

A

Inflammation of the ovary
Rare
Infectious causes: FIP, BVD
Ascending or systemic infection

17
Q

What ovarian neoplasias are there?

A

Germ cell neoplasm

  • Dysgerminoma
  • Teratoma

Gonadal stroma neoplasm

  • Granulosa cell tumour
  • Tecoma
  • Luteoma

Epithelial neoplasm

  • Cystdenoma
  • Cystadenocarcinoma

Secondary neoplasia

  • Lymphoma
  • Mammary carcinoma bitch
  • Intestinal carincoma cow
18
Q

What is dysgerminoma?

A

Primitive germ cell neoplasm
Smooths surface
Areas of haemorrhage or necrosis
Mostly benign and undifferentiated

19
Q

What is a teratoma?

A

Totipotent germ cell tumour
Solid and cystic areas can include bone, hair, cartilage
Mixed tissues
Mostly benign and well differentiated

20
Q

Non infectious disease of the oviduct?

A

Hydrosalpinx (distally blocked oviduct filled with serous or clear fluid)

  • Congenital
  • Acquired
21
Q

Infectious diseases of the oviduct?

A

Pyosalpinx

Salpingitis (inflammation of wall)

22
Q

Non-infectious diseases of the uterus?

A

Physical
- Torsion, rupture, prolapse
Endometrial growth disturbances
- Endometrial hyperplasia, mucometra, hydrometra, pseudopregnancy

23
Q

What is cystic endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Thickened wall with nodular cysts in wall of dog uterus

Extended luteal phase (high P4) = sensitive to irritant leading to cystic distension of uterine glands

24
Q

How are cystic endometrial hyperplasia and pyometra linked in the bitch?

A

CEH predisposes pyo because nodular environment provides ideal growth environment
High P4 = weakened immunity

25
Q

What stage of oestrus do bitches with pyo usually present?

A

Few weeks after oestrus (3-6) due to luteal phase (high P4, low immunity)

26
Q

Describe pyometra in the cow

A

Uterine disease (endometritis, metritis) predisposes to pyo

Early postpartum/afterbreeding

Persistent CL leads to high P4 levels

Functional cervical closure but usually some discharge

Rarely systemic signs

Treat by getting her cycling again (PGF2alpha and GnRH)

27
Q

Describe pyometra in the mare…

A

Follows difficult parturitions with infections

Continue cycling during disease

Hormonal influences less important

Due to poor perineal conformation (less drainage)

No cervical closure = discharge

Rarely systemic disease

28
Q

Inflammatory disease of the uterus?

A

Pyometra
Endometritis
Metritis

29
Q

Describe endometritis…

A 
Limited to uterine mucosa
Post service or post partum
Inflammatory infiltrate into mucosa
Usually self-limiting if mild
Can become chronic and fibrous, leads to problems with PGF2alpha production and get persistent CL
30
Q

Describe metritis…

A

Inflammation of all layers of the uterine wall

More severe

Potentially life-threatening due to toxaemia

31
Q

Describe leiomyoma

A 
Neoplasia of uterine smooth muscle
Bitch
Benign
Oestrogen involved
Fibrous
32
Q

Describe uterine neoplasia in the cow…

A

Carcinoma

  • Mainly in cow
  • EBL (enzootic bovine leukosis) suspected = notifiable
  • Metastases to regional LNs, lungs and peritoneum

Lymphosarcoma

  • EBL
  • Heart, abomasum, LNs, uterus affected
33
Q

Non inflammatory diseases of the vulva and vagina?

A

Anomalies
Tumefaction
- Swelling due to disease affecting oestrogen levels

34
Q

Inflammatory diseases of the vulva and vagina?

A

Trauma
Herpesvirus
CEM (notifiable)
Dourine (notifiable)

35
Q

Neoplasms affecting the vulva and vagina?

A

Leiomyoma
Transmissible venereal tumour
Fibropapilloma
SCC of vulva

Reproduction (22 decks)

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