Pathology of the Male Genital Tract Flashcards
What neoplasms are associated with the scrotum?
Varicose haemangioma (dog and boar) MCT (dog) Haemangiosarcomas (dog) Papilloma (dog)
What is the tunica vaginalis?
Thin layer of mesothelium around the testis continuous with the peritoneum
What conditions can affect the tunica vaginalis?
Hydrocoele
Periorchitis
Tumours are rare
Adhesions from epididymitis
What is male pseudohermaphroditism?
External female genitalia with testes occupying the normal position of the ovaries
What sex organs does a true hermaphrodite have?
One testis and one ovary
What is cryptorchidism? How does it present?
Testis retained between the kidney and inguinal canal
Usually unilateral
Testis tends to be small and fibrotic
These testes have increased risk of tumour formation
What might cause testicular hypoplasia?
Congential or pre-pubertal
Nutritional, Zn deficiency or endocrine abnormalities
What are the causes of testicular atrophy?
Increased scrotal temp Decreased blood supply Vit A/Zn deficiency Drug reactions Radiation Obstruction Hyperoestrogenism
What are the causes of orchitis?
Haematogenous - Brucella abortis in bulls
Trauma
Reflux orchitis
Steps, staph and coliforms
What can orchitis lead to?
Sterility
Spermatic granuloma formation
Describe epididymitis…
Mainly ascending infections from accessory sex glands and urogenital tract
Initial enlargement followed by abscess and granuloma
Mostly unilateral
Some degree of testicular atrophy
Mixed infections - staphs, streps, coliforms
What are the causes of infectious epididymitis in rams?
Brucella ovis - NOTIFIABLE
Actinobacillus seminis
Histophilus somni
E coli
In what patients are leydig tumours most common?
Older dogs over 8 years
What is the gross appearance of a leydig cell tumour?
Single or multiple 1-2cm Spherical Well demarcated Tan/orange or haemorrhagic Bulge on cut surface
What is the microscopical appearance of a leydig cell tumour?
Polyhedral cells packed in small groups by fine fibrous stroma
In what patients are sertoli cell tumours most common?
> 6yo
50% in cryptorchid testes
Describe the gross appearance of a sertoli cell tumour…
Unilateral Firm lobulated White to brown colour Fibrous May contain cysts
What is the microscopical appearance of sertoli cell tumours?
Sertoli cells multilayered within tubules
Invading interstitial tissue
Abundant fibrous tissue
What other effects can sertoli cell tumours have on the patient?
Metastasis to local LNs
25% secrete oestrogen -> feminisation
What signs of feminism are brought about by sertoli cell tumours and hyperoestogenism?
Female distribution of fat Attractive to male dogs Mammary swelling Symmetrical allopecia Skin thinning Atrophy of the other testis Squamous metaplasia of prostate Behavioural changes \+ Lack of libido \+ Lethargy \+ Aggression Anaemia due to bone marrow depression
What is the macro and microscopic appearance of a seminoma?
Macro:
Soft cream mass
Bulges on cut surface
Micro:
Sheets of polyhedral cells
Large nuclei
Frequent mitosis
What is a teratoma? What species does it affect?
Tumour of primordial germ cells. Large mixture of tissue types (skin, bone, teeth, glands, muscle)
Predominantly affecting young horses
In what patients does prostate hyperplasia occur? What sign might be present?
Older entire dogs (6+)
Constipation or urinary stasis
What is the treatment for prostate hyperplasia?
Castration leading to atrophy
What is prostate metaplasia?
Change of glandular epithelium to squamous occurring in dogs with sertoli cell tumours or associated with oestrogenic implants and phyoestrogen ingestion in LAs
What is prostatitis?
Often an ascending infection due to staphs, streps and coliforms that invade the urethra
Grossly the gland is enlarged asymmetrically and may abscess
Can lead to peritonitis/toxaemia
What are the clinical signs of prostate neoplasia? In what patients are these seen?
Cachezia, urinary stasis, locomotor issues
Dogs aged 10+
What is the prognosis of prostate neoplasia?
Guarded. High rate of metastasis
What are the 4 common venereal transmitted diseases?
- Tritrichomonas foetus
- Campylobacter foetus spp venerealis
- Herpesvirus
- Papillomavirus
List common non-inflammatory diseases of the penis and prepuce
Hypoplasia
Persistent frenula
Haematomas
Paraphimosis
What is paraphimosis?
Inability to retract penis into prepuce
List the common inflammatory diseases of the penis and prepuce..
Balanitis
Prosthitis
Blanoprosthitis
Herpesvirus
What is the common bacterial infection of the penis and prepuce in the sheep?
Pizzle rot (Corynebacterim renale)
What is pizzle rot?
A bacterial infection causing ulcerative prosthitis caused by Corynebacterium renale
What are the clinical signs of pizzle rot?
Hypoplasia of penis/prepuce
Urinary soiling
Yellow discolouration and ulceration on the anterodorsal prepuce
What parasitic infection are common in the penis and prepuce?
Trypanosomiasis
Cutaneous habronemiasis
Describe SCC of the penis and prepuce..
Most important in the horse
Associated with equine papillomavirus type II
Creates cauliflower like lesions of various sizes
Describe fibropapilloma of the penis
Affecting the glans penis of 1-2yo bulls
Benign but may be large
Caused by papillomavirus type I
What is fibropapilloma of the penis in a bull caused be?
Papillomavirus type I
What is the treatment for fibropapilloma in the bull?
Usually regress with age, however must consider 2’ infections or penile obstruction
