Clinical Disease of the Male Reproductive Tract in Small Animals Flashcards
What are the common male problems that owners consult the vet about?
Neutering Behavioural modification Testicles missing Testicles of different sizes Penis sticking out Penile mass Preputial discharge Difficulty defecating Systemic illness
Where may an undescended testicle be?
Abdomen
Inguinal
Prescrotal
What are the causes and risks associated with cryptorchidism?
- Sex linked autosomal recessive trait
Risks: Torsion and neoplasia
What is the treatment for cryptorchidism?
Castration
You examine a dog with testicles of different sizes. Give some causes, how you would diagnosis and what treatment you’d advise…
- Causes:
- Neoplasia
- Orchitis/epididymitis
- Torsion - Diagnosis:
- History and CE
- US
- Aspiration/biopsy - Treatment:
- Castration
What are the most common tumours affecting the testes?
Seminoma
Leydig cell
Sertoli cell
Describe the testicular tumours….
Leydig - Testosterone producing
Sertoli - Oestrogen producing
Seminomas - Rarely feminising
What are the clinical signs or orchitis and epididymitis?
Usually occur together Epididymal enlargement Testicular pain Tenseness and scrotal oedema Abscess Systemic illness
How may orchitis/epididymitis occur? What is the treatment?
Infections originating from the urinary tract or haematogenously.
Treat - castration
Testicular torsion
- types of testicles common in
- presenting signs
- treatment
- Retained testicles
- variable and confused with of systems e.g. vomiting
- castration
Differential diagnosis for a protruding penis…
Paraphimosis
Paripism
Trauma
What is paraphimosis?
Non-erect penis protrudes from the prepuce and cannot be retracted or retained in it’s normal position
What may paraphimosis result from?
Narrowed prepuce orifice Penile enlargement Failure of penis to stay in prepuce \+ Short prepuce \+ Weak muscles
What is the treatment for paraphimosis?
Symptomatic
Surgical enlargement of preputial opening
Phallopexy
Partial penile amputation
What is priapism?
Persistent erection of >4hours not associated with sexual excitement
What is priapism associated with?
Trauma
Perineal abscess
Neurological disease
Differentiation of priapism by clinical signs
Ischaemiac
Non-ischaemic
Diagnosis and treatment of priapism…
Diagnosis
US
Blood gas analysis of aspirated blood
Treatment:
Buster collar, analgesia, topical treatment
Aspiration via surgical incision
Amputation
What are the differential diagnosis for penile masses in SAs?
Inflammatory disease
Neoplasia
Urethral prolapse
Give examples of penile tumour types…
SCC Papilloma Lymphoma Adenocarcinoma MCT Osteosarc of ospenis Crhondrosarc of ospenis
Why do penile injuries occur in small animals?
Secondary to mating Fence jumping Dog/cat fites TRA Iatrogenic in surgery
What is hypospadias?
Developmental abnormality of the male external genitalia by failure of fusion of urogenital fold and incomplete formation of penile urethra
What is a persistent frenulum?
When the penis and prepuce do not separate after puberty
What is phimosis? Treatment?
Inability to protrude penis from prepuce
Tx: treat underlying causes (inflamm) or surgical enlargement
What amount of preputial discharge is normal in the dog?
Slight creamy preputial discharge in normal mature dog
What is abnormal preputial discharge?
Sever/blood tinged discharge should be investigated
What does dyschezia often indicate in the male dog?
Prostatic enlargement
What are important causes of prostatic disease in the dog?
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Prostatitis/abscess
Prostatic cysts
Neoplasia
Describe benign prostatic hyperplasia…
Most common prostatic disorder in entire male dogs. Testosterone depended which results in uniform prostatic enlargement and thus
+ Dyschezia
+ Dysuria
How do you diagnose and treat BPH?
Diagnosis:
PE
US
Biopsy
Tx: Castration Anti-androgens Synthetic progestagen GnRH analogue Faecal softeners
Describe prostatits/prostatic abscessation
Infections common in the entire dog associated with UTI but may arise from haematogenous spread.
CS: Purulent urethral discharge Systemic illness PUPD Pain V/D
How would you diagnose prostatitis/prostatic abscessation?
PE: Rectal painful US/DI Aspiration Clin path
Describe prostatic neoplasia
a. Tumour types
b. Benign or malignant
c. Clinical signs
Occur in castrated males
Adenocarcinomas of TCC
Tend to be invasive and malignant
CS: Weight loss Pain Hindlimb lameness/oedena Dyschezia/dysuria
What is the diagnosis and treatment for prostatic neoplasia?
Diagnosis - incisional biopsy Prognosis poor Treat: Usually palliative Urethral sten Cystostomy tube NSAIDs Sterioids
