Clinical Disease of the Male Reproductive Tract in Small Animals

Question 1

What are the common male problems that owners consult the vet about?

Answer 1

Neutering
Behavioural modification
Testicles missing
Testicles of different sizes
Penis sticking out
Penile mass
Preputial discharge
Difficulty defecating
Systemic illness

Question 2

Where may an undescended testicle be?

Answer 2

Abdomen
Inguinal
Prescrotal

Question 3

What are the causes and risks associated with cryptorchidism?

Answer 3

1. Sex linked autosomal recessive trait

Risks: Torsion and neoplasia

Question 4

What is the treatment for cryptorchidism?

Answer 4

Castration

Question 5

You examine a dog with testicles of different sizes. Give some causes, how you would diagnosis and what treatment you’d advise…

Answer 5

1. Causes:
   - Neoplasia
   - Orchitis/epididymitis
   - Torsion
2. Diagnosis:
   - History and CE
   - US
   - Aspiration/biopsy
3. Treatment:
   - Castration

Question 6

What are the most common tumours affecting the testes?

Answer 6

Seminoma
Leydig cell
Sertoli cell

Question 7

Describe the testicular tumours….

Answer 7

Leydig - Testosterone producing
Sertoli - Oestrogen producing
Seminomas - Rarely feminising

Question 8

What are the clinical signs or orchitis and epididymitis?

Answer 8

Usually occur together
Epididymal enlargement
Testicular pain
Tenseness and scrotal oedema
Abscess
Systemic illness

Question 9

How may orchitis/epididymitis occur? What is the treatment?

Answer 9

Infections originating from the urinary tract or haematogenously.

Treat - castration

Question 10

Testicular torsion

1. types of testicles common in
2. presenting signs
3. treatment

Answer 10

1. Retained testicles
2. variable and confused with of systems e.g. vomiting
3. castration

Question 11

Differential diagnosis for a protruding penis…

Answer 11

Paraphimosis
Paripism
Trauma

Question 12

What is paraphimosis?

Answer 12

Non-erect penis protrudes from the prepuce and cannot be retracted or retained in it’s normal position

Question 13

What may paraphimosis result from?

Answer 13

Narrowed prepuce orifice
Penile enlargement
Failure of penis to stay in prepuce
\+ Short prepuce
\+ Weak muscles

Question 14

What is the treatment for paraphimosis?

Answer 14

Symptomatic
Surgical enlargement of preputial opening
Phallopexy
Partial penile amputation

Question 15

What is priapism?

Answer 15

Persistent erection of >4hours not associated with sexual excitement

Question 16

What is priapism associated with?

Answer 16

Trauma
Perineal abscess
Neurological disease

Question 17

Differentiation of priapism by clinical signs

Answer 17

Ischaemiac

Non-ischaemic

Question 18

Diagnosis and treatment of priapism…

Answer 18

Diagnosis
US
Blood gas analysis of aspirated blood

Treatment:
Buster collar, analgesia, topical treatment
Aspiration via surgical incision
Amputation

Question 19

What are the differential diagnosis for penile masses in SAs?

Answer 19

Inflammatory disease
Neoplasia
Urethral prolapse

Question 20

Give examples of penile tumour types…

Answer 20

SCC
Papilloma
Lymphoma
Adenocarcinoma
MCT
Osteosarc of ospenis
Crhondrosarc of ospenis

Question 21

Why do penile injuries occur in small animals?

Answer 21

Secondary to mating
Fence jumping
Dog/cat fites
TRA
Iatrogenic in surgery

Question 22

What is hypospadias?

Answer 22

Developmental abnormality of the male external genitalia by failure of fusion of urogenital fold and incomplete formation of penile urethra

Question 23

What is a persistent frenulum?

Answer 23

When the penis and prepuce do not separate after puberty

Question 24

What is phimosis? Treatment?

Answer 24

Inability to protrude penis from prepuce

Tx: treat underlying causes (inflamm) or surgical enlargement

Question 25

What amount of preputial discharge is normal in the dog?

Answer 25

Slight creamy preputial discharge in normal mature dog

Question 26

What is abnormal preputial discharge?

Answer 26

Sever/blood tinged discharge should be investigated

Question 27

What does dyschezia often indicate in the male dog?

Answer 27

Prostatic enlargement

Question 28

What are important causes of prostatic disease in the dog?

Answer 28

Benign prostatic hyperplasia Prostatitis/abscess Prostatic cysts Neoplasia

Question 29

Describe benign prostatic hyperplasia...

Answer 29

Most common prostatic disorder in entire male dogs. Testosterone depended which results in uniform prostatic enlargement and thus + Dyschezia + Dysuria

Question 30

How do you diagnose and treat BPH?

Answer 30

Diagnosis: PE US Biopsy ``` Tx: Castration Anti-androgens Synthetic progestagen GnRH analogue Faecal softeners ```

Question 31

Describe prostatits/prostatic abscessation

Answer 31

Infections common in the entire dog associated with UTI but may arise from haematogenous spread. ``` CS: Purulent urethral discharge Systemic illness PUPD Pain V/D ```

Question 32

How would you diagnose prostatitis/prostatic abscessation?

Answer 32

``` PE: Rectal painful US/DI Aspiration Clin path ```

Question 33

Describe prostatic neoplasia a. Tumour types b. Benign or malignant c. Clinical signs

Answer 33

Occur in castrated males Adenocarcinomas of TCC Tend to be invasive and malignant ``` CS: Weight loss Pain Hindlimb lameness/oedena Dyschezia/dysuria ```

Question 34

What is the diagnosis and treatment for prostatic neoplasia?

Answer 34

``` Diagnosis - incisional biopsy Prognosis poor Treat: Usually palliative Urethral sten Cystostomy tube NSAIDs Sterioids ```