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Reproduction > Clinical Disease of the Female Reproductive Tract in Small Animals > Flashcards

Clinical Disease of the Female Reproductive Tract in Small Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the possible causes of mucopurulent vulval discharge in small animals?

A

Vaginitis
Early metostrus
Open pyometra

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2
Q

Possible causes of red vulval discharge in small animals?

A 
Proestrus
Oestrus
Persistent ovarian follicle
Ovarian tumour
Vaginal trauma
Vaginal foreign body
Cystitis
Neoplasia
Coagulopathy
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3
Q

Possible causes of clear mucoid vulval discharge in small animals?

A

Normal

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4
Q

Possible causes of clear watery vulval discharge in small animals?

A

Amniotic/allantoic fluid

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5
Q

Possible causes of greeny black vulval discharge in small animals?

A

Normal parturition

Dystocia

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6
Q

Possible causes of reddy brown to black vulval discharge in small animals?

A

Metritis

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7
Q

Possible causes of yellow vulval discharge in small animals?

A

Incontinence

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8
Q

Vaginitis:

  1. How does it present?
  2. Problems associated?
  3. What are the two types?
A
  1. Purulent discharge in healthy
  2. Causes of irritation and makes owners anxious
  3. Juvenile vaginitis:
    - Secondary bacterial infection and excess vaginal secretion resolves spontaneously with first season

Adult vaginitis:
- Less common, treat the specific cause and may respond to exogenous oestrogens

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9
Q

When does pyometra usually present?

A

Within 8 weeks of last oestrus

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10
Q

Describe open and closed pyometra…

A

Open cervix - mucopurulent vaginal discharge and a mild-moderately enlarged uterus

Closed cervix - not associated with vaginal discharge, uterus is usually grossly enlarged and animal is systemically ill

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11
Q

What factors contribute to pyometra?

A

Bacterial infection
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia
Progesterone
Open cervix

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12
Q

What are the clinical signs of a pyometra?

A 
LOTS!
Depression, lethargy, pyrecxia
Mucopurulent discharge
PU/PD
Vomiting/collapse/shock 
Neutrophilla with LS
Endotoxaemia
Hypoglycaemia
Anaemia 
Coagulation abnormalities
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13
Q

Diagnosis of pyometra?

A

Ultrasound - turbid appearance

Radiography - can’t distinguish between early preg and pyo

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14
Q

Treatment of pyometra?

A

Medical

Surgical

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15
Q

Describe vaginal trauma

A

Uncommon
Causes:
Iatrogenic
Forced separation of mating dogs

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16
Q

Describe the general approach to vaginal masses…

A 
Age and neutered status very important
Stage of reproductive cycle:
- Oestrus
- Pregnancy
Size, shape and consistency:
- Does it contain a hole?
- Within wall or lumen?
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17
Q

Vagino/vestibulo neoplasia:

  1. Most common type?
  2. Fast growing?
  3. Which animals is it most common in?
A
  1. Smooth muscle tumours:
    - Leiomyoma/sarcoma
  2. Slow growing
  3. 65% of entire bitches, may present with visible mass, bulging perineum or dysuria/dyschezia
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18
Q

How would you diagnose vaginal/vestibulo neoplasia?

A

History and PE
Endoscopy
Radiography
Biospy

19
Q

How would you treat vaginal/vestibulo neoplasia?

A

Surgical excision combined with OVH

Chemotherapy

20
Q

What does vaginal hyperplasia result from?

A

Excessive response of vaginal mucosa to oestrogens during follicular phase of oestrous cycle
BRACHY DOGS

21
Q

What are the results of vaginal hyperplasia?

A

Vaginal oedema

Vaginal prolapse

22
Q

How can you differentiate between vaginal hyperplasia and prolapse?

A 
Hyperplasia = no hole
Prolapse = hole
23
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of vaginal oedema/hyperplasia?

A 
Diagnose:
Hx and PE
Tx:
Conserative e.g. keep moist and vulvar sutures
Surgical excision
Tens to reoccur so neuter
24
Q

Common presentation of ambiguous genitalia in puppies?

A

Enlarge clitoris/underdeveloped penis

Indicates presence of androgens and therefore testicular material/ovarian tissue

25
Q

How can you investigate ambiguous genitalia?

A

Evaluation of pelvic anatomy
Removal of gonads - histo
Karotyping
SRY gene testing

26
Q

Treatment of ambiguous genitalia?

A

Removal of gonads
Possible partial penile amputation
Treatment of other abnormalities

27
Q

What is dystocia?

A

Disturbances during parturition when normal delivery of the foetus through the birth canal is interrupted.

28
Q

What signs show there is a problem with parturition?

A

Fetal fluids passed no more than 2-3 hours ago with no birth
Dam straining vigorously and regularly for 20-30mins with no birth
Green/reddish brown vulval discharge with no birth within 2-4 horus
Weak irregular straining 2-4 hours no birth
>2-4hours since last puppy born
Second stage labour >12hours
Sickness of dam

29
Q

Maternal causes of dystocia in small animals…

A 
Narrow birth canal
Disturbed labour
- Inertia
- Spasm
Uterine abnormalities
Prolonged pregnancy
Psychogenic status
Extra uterine problems e.g. spesis
Premature birth
Prolonged parturition 
Idopathic
30
Q

Foetal causes of dystocia in small animals..

A 
Increased foetal size
- Litter size
- Gestation length
Foetal malpresentation
Abnormal foetal development
31
Q

What is primary uterine inertia?

A

Uterus fails to respond to foetal signals

32
Q

Causes of primary uterine inertia?

A 
Small litter
Very large litter
Systemic disease of dam
Inherited predisposition
Nutritional
Obesity
Age
Low oxytocin
33
Q

What is the difference between partial and complete primary uterine inertia?

A

Partial = uterus initiate parturition but fails to complete normal delivery of all foetuses

Complete = failure of uterus to contract at full term

34
Q

Medical management of dystocia in small animals?

A

Should only be considered when there is no evidence of obstruction!
- Exercising the dam
- Feathering roff of vaginal floor
- Oxytocin (IM 30 min intervals)
Treatment of hypocalcaemia/glycaemia if present

35
Q

What can you do if medical management of dystocia is unsuccessful? Is this common?

A

Caesarean

Common

36
Q

How should you use oxytocin when treating dystocia?

A

Repeated small doses 0.2-0.4IU/KG

Single large dose associated with prolonged myometrial contraction

37
Q

Congenital vaginal abnormalities in small animals?

A

Vulval stenosis
Anovulvar cleft
Rectovaginal fistula
Vestibulovaginal stricture/band

38
Q

Acquired vaginal abnormalities in small animals?

A

Vulval hypertrophy

  • Juvenile prolonged proestrous
  • Endogenous/exogenous oestrogens

Recess vulva

  • Dermatitis
  • Chronic inflammation
  • Trauma
  • Neoplasia
39
Q

Causes of abdominal mass/distension associated with female pathology?

A 
May be manifestation of normal physiology
Pathological causes:
- Pyometra
- Retained foetus 
- Ovarian neoplasia
- Uterine neoplasia
- Segmental aplasia
40
Q

Types of ovarian neoplasia…

A 
Granulosa cell tumour
Cystadenoma
Adenocarcinoma
Teratoma
- May be endocrinologically active, treat via surgical excision
41
Q

What is hydrometra/mucometra?

A

Sterile accumulations of fluid within the uterus.

Usually secondary to congenital abnormalities such as segmental aplasia or acquired abnormalities e.g. neoplasia

42
Q

How can you diagnose a hydrometra?

A

Imaging and surgery

43
Q

Female reproductive causes of systemic illness?

A

Closed pyometra
Uterine torsion
Uterine rupture

Reproduction (22 decks)

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