viruses and bacteria Flashcards
1
Q
Small pox
A
- variola major and minor DNA virus
- poxviridae
- fever, rash, postule
4.Human only host - acquire through respiratory tract
- major cause death and minor is less common and mild
- last case eradicated in 1977 via vaccination
- eradication possible
if nonasymptomatic, human only host, and short infectivity period - routine immunization no longer done in US
2
Q
MUMPS
A
- mumps rna virus
- paraviridae
- human host
through respiratory and saliva - fever, swollen salivary glands, onchitis
- symptomatic and support therapy
- attenuated vaccine
3
Q
Measle (rubeola)
A
- Measle RNA virus
- paraviridae
- human host
through respiratory and saliva - fever, malaise, koplik’s spot, maculopapular rash
- symptomatic and support therapy
- attenuated vaccine
4
Q
German Measles (Rubella)
A
- Rubella RNA virus
- togaviridae
- human host
through respiratory and saliva - fever and rash
can develop into congenital rubella syndrome - symptomatic and support therapy
- attenuated vaccine
5
Q
Chicken pox and Shingles
A
- varicella zoster
- herpesviridae
- human host
droplet inhalation - vesicular rash
- support therapy (acyclovir)
- chicken pox initial infection, shingle reactivated chicken pox
6
Q
Flu
A
- Influenza RNA vaccine
- orthomyxoviridae
- many animal host (human, birds, swine)
inhalation or ingestion respiratory secretion - fever, chills, headache, and body aches
- symptomatic and support therapy
- Inactive virus vaccine
- 7+ days for recovery
7
Q
respiratory syndrome
A
- many agents (rhino, adeno, RSV)
- Many host
- acquired through many ways, and incubation varies
- rhinitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, tonsilitis
- symptomatic and support therapy
8
Q
Anthropod borne Viral disease
A
- transmitted through anthropod
- multiply in vector without producing disease
- fever, rash, encephilitis, hemorrhagic fever
- supportive treatment, no vaccine
9
Q
West Nile Fever (encephilitis)
A
- West Nile RNA virus
- flaviviridae
- birds, humans, horse
transmitted via mosquitos from culex genus or contact with infected animal - fever, aches, vomiting
lead to encephalitis and meningitis - symptomatic and support therapy
mosquito control - no vaccine available
10
Q
direct contact viral disease
A
viruses transmitted through direct contact
includes touching, kissing, and sexual contact
many disease include AIDS
11
Q
HIV and AIDS
A
- human immunodeficiency RNA virus
- retroviridae
- infected blood, semen or vaginal secretion, contact with broken skin/mucous membrane
- virion has viral gp120 protein spike that binds to CD4 cells and carries reverse transcriptase into host cell
5.reverse transcriptase into dsDNA which integrate into host genome (may be latent provirus) - can direct synthesis of new virion released via budding or lysis
12
Q
symptoms of HIV and AIDS
A
- acute stage
2-8 weeks post-infection
flu-like symptoms - asymptomatic stage (6mo-10years)
virus replicate at low levels; left untreated advances to next stage - chronic symptoms months to years
CD4 cell count reduces
CD4 less than 200/ml can develop illness caused by opportunistic pathogen and cancer - routine screening using ELISA
- NO cures, treatment directed at reducing viral load and symptoms
6.drug combination - nucleoside/nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
- protease, integrase, and fusion inhibitors slow down disease
- mortality rate 100% within 10 years if left untreated.
13
Q
cold sores
A
- Herpes Simplex 1/2
- herpesviridae
- humans and other animals only source
oral, sexual contact, contaminated objects 1 week incubation period - infect epithelium at oral site and moves to nucleus
- active infection, viruse rapidly multiply forming blister nasal/oral mucosa
- latent stage virus move trigeminal ganglion and is undetectable until reactivated
- no vaccine
- support therapy (acyclovir)
14
Q
common cold
A
- numorous RNA rhinovirus
- picornaviridae
- many animal host
transmitted through nasal secretion, airborne, and fomites 3 day incubation - nasal congestion, irritated throat, sneezing, fever (rare)
- seasonal peaks
- symptomatic and support therapy
15
Q
Genital herpes
A
- Herpes Simplex 1/2
- herpesviridae
3.human and animals only source
infect epithelium of genital sites and enters cells moving to nucleus - active infeciton rapidly multiply and blister form in genital and anal mucosa
- latent stage: move to sacral plexus and is undetectable until reactivated
6.no vaccine - support therapy (acyclovir)
16
Q
Hepatitis A
A
- Hepatitis A RNA virus
- Picornaviridae
- Human only source/resevoir
fecal/oral route via contaminated food/water 4 week incubation
fever, chills, nausea, jaundice - self limited disease (5 weeks)
5.symptomatic and support therapy - Killed HAV vaccine
17
Q
Rabies (zoonotic viral disease)
A
- rabies RNA virus
- Rhabdoviridae
- many rural animal reservoir, bats primary source
bite of infected animals, aerosols, contaminated wounds
varied incubation - anxiety, fatigue, irritability, sensitivity to stimuli, hydrophobia
- progress to paralysis with death resulting from CNS destruction
6.100% mortality rate - postexposure prophylaxis vaccine can prevent disease if given rapidly
HDVC and RVA vaccine are available
18
Q
gas gangrene
A
- clostridium perfringens (gram +)
- soil and water
- pain, edema, drainage, muscle necrosis
- produce gas gangrene, a necrotizing infection
- secretes damaging enzymes
- diagnosis via skin culture, blood test, and imaging
- treatment include antibiotic therapy, surgical removal of infected tissue via amputation and hyperbaric oxygen therapy
19
Q
leprosy
A
- mycobacterium laprae (gram +)
- humans, armadillo
respiratory droplet/nasal secretion
3.bacteria invade peripheral nerve and skin cells
20
Q
type of leprosy
A
- tuberculoid leprosy-loss neural sensation (delayed type hypersensitivity)
- lepromatous leprosy - cell destruction (no delayed type hypersensitivity)
- diagnose through biopsy and ELISA
- long term antimicrobial therapy
21
Q
Plague
A
- yersinia pestis
- urban/sylvatic reservoirs
tranmission via flea, direct contact with infected animal, inhalation of airborne droplet - two types:
bubonic plague
subcutaneous hemorrhage, fever, and buboes (enlarge lymph nodes)
Pneumonic plague
chest pain, cough, bloody sputum
both have high mortality rate if untreated
treatment is antibiotic therapy
22
Q
diptheria
A
- corynebacterium diphtheriae
- human resevoir/asymptomatic carrier
nasopharyngeal secretion - lysogenize strain produce A-B exotoxins that inhibit protein synthesis
- fever, fatigue, pseudomembrane formation, skin lesions
diagnosis through pseudomembrane formation and culture - antitoxins given to neutralize exotoxins and antibiotic therapy
- vaccine available DPT and acellular DTap vaccine
23
Q
Legionaires Disease
A
- legionella pneumonophilia
- water resevoir and source
3.airborne transmission of contaiminated water - fever, cough, headache, and bronchopneumonia
- legionellosis: reproduction in aveolar macrophage (damage tissue)
6.treatment isolation of bacteria and immunodiagnostic - symptomatic and support therapy and antibiotic therapy.
- identify and eliminate environmental sources.
24
Q
Meningitis
A
1.Neisseria meningitidis
2. human source/resevoir
3.respiratory droplet
4. sore throat, vomiting, headache, and stiff neck and back
5. inflammation of CNS meninges can be fatal
6. tx antibiotic and prophylactic
7. MPSV and MCV vaccine
25
Q
tuberculosis
A
- mycobacterium tuberculosis
- human source/resevoir
person to person via dropet in nuclei in respiratory tract - latent TB: minimal
active TB: fever fatigue, weight loss, cough with bloody sputum - tb skin test, chest x-ray, acid fast staining
- mycolic acid to protect from phagocytosis
26
Q
tubercle
A
mass formed from bacteria, macrophage, t cell, and human protein
27
Q
miliary tuberculosis
A
tubercle liquify, filled with air and form tuberculous cavity
28
Q
ghon complex
A
tubercle necrose becoming caseous lesions
29
Q
pertusis
A
- bordatella pertusis
2.human source and reservoir - respiratory droplet
- 2 stages
Catarrhal stage: runny nose, sneezing, cough, fever
Paroxysmal stage: cough fits follow by whoop, exhaustion - diagnosis by nasopharyngeal culture and serology
- antimicrobial therapy
7 immunization with DTad vaccine
30
Q
Streptococcal Pharyngitis
A
- streptococcus pyrogenes
- human source and reservoir
respiratory and nasal secretion - sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes, redness, edema
- treament antibiotic to lower chance of rheumatic fever
31
Q
lyme disease
A
- borrelia burgdorferi
- small mammal including deer mice reservoir
- transmission through ticks
4.initial localize stage : flu symptoms and erythema migrans
second disseminated stage: neurological/heart complication
late stage: neurological degeneration - diagnosis via serology testing and isolation of bacteria
- antibiotic therapy in early stages
