viruses and bacteria

Question 1

Small pox

Answer 1

1. variola major and minor DNA virus
2. poxviridae
3. fever, rash, postule
   4.Human only host
4. acquire through respiratory tract
5. major cause death and minor is less common and mild
6. last case eradicated in 1977 via vaccination
7. eradication possible
   if nonasymptomatic, human only host, and short infectivity period
8. routine immunization no longer done in US

Question 2

MUMPS

Answer 2

1. mumps rna virus
2. paraviridae
3. human host
   through respiratory and saliva
4. fever, swollen salivary glands, onchitis
5. symptomatic and support therapy
6. attenuated vaccine

Question 3

Measle (rubeola)

Answer 3

1. Measle RNA virus
2. paraviridae
3. human host
   through respiratory and saliva
4. fever, malaise, koplik’s spot, maculopapular rash
5. symptomatic and support therapy
6. attenuated vaccine

Question 4

German Measles (Rubella)

Answer 4

1. Rubella RNA virus
2. togaviridae
3. human host
   through respiratory and saliva
4. fever and rash
   can develop into congenital rubella syndrome
5. symptomatic and support therapy
6. attenuated vaccine

Question 5

Chicken pox and Shingles

Answer 5

1. varicella zoster
2. herpesviridae
3. human host
   droplet inhalation
4. vesicular rash
5. support therapy (acyclovir)
6. chicken pox initial infection, shingle reactivated chicken pox

Question 6

Flu

Answer 6

1. Influenza RNA vaccine
2. orthomyxoviridae
3. many animal host (human, birds, swine)
   inhalation or ingestion respiratory secretion
4. fever, chills, headache, and body aches
5. symptomatic and support therapy
6. Inactive virus vaccine
7. 7+ days for recovery

Question 7

respiratory syndrome

Answer 7

1. many agents (rhino, adeno, RSV)
2. Many host
3. acquired through many ways, and incubation varies
4. rhinitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, tonsilitis
5. symptomatic and support therapy

Question 8

Anthropod borne Viral disease

Answer 8

1. transmitted through anthropod
2. multiply in vector without producing disease
3. fever, rash, encephilitis, hemorrhagic fever
4. supportive treatment, no vaccine

Question 9

West Nile Fever (encephilitis)

Answer 9

1. West Nile RNA virus
2. flaviviridae
3. birds, humans, horse
   transmitted via mosquitos from culex genus or contact with infected animal
4. fever, aches, vomiting
   lead to encephalitis and meningitis
5. symptomatic and support therapy
   mosquito control
6. no vaccine available

Question 10

direct contact viral disease

Answer 10

viruses transmitted through direct contact
includes touching, kissing, and sexual contact
many disease include AIDS

Question 11

HIV and AIDS

Answer 11

1. human immunodeficiency RNA virus
2. retroviridae
3. infected blood, semen or vaginal secretion, contact with broken skin/mucous membrane
4. virion has viral gp120 protein spike that binds to CD4 cells and carries reverse transcriptase into host cell
   5.reverse transcriptase into dsDNA which integrate into host genome (may be latent provirus)
5. can direct synthesis of new virion released via budding or lysis

Question 12

symptoms of HIV and AIDS

Answer 12

1. acute stage
   2-8 weeks post-infection
   flu-like symptoms
2. asymptomatic stage (6mo-10years)
   virus replicate at low levels; left untreated advances to next stage
3. chronic symptoms months to years
   CD4 cell count reduces
   CD4 less than 200/ml can develop illness caused by opportunistic pathogen and cancer
4. routine screening using ELISA
5. NO cures, treatment directed at reducing viral load and symptoms
   6.drug combination
6. nucleoside/nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
7. protease, integrase, and fusion inhibitors slow down disease
8. mortality rate 100% within 10 years if left untreated.

Question 13

cold sores

Answer 13

1. Herpes Simplex 1/2
2. herpesviridae
3. humans and other animals only source
   oral, sexual contact, contaminated objects 1 week incubation period
4. infect epithelium at oral site and moves to nucleus
5. active infection, viruse rapidly multiply forming blister nasal/oral mucosa
6. latent stage virus move trigeminal ganglion and is undetectable until reactivated
7. no vaccine
8. support therapy (acyclovir)

Question 14

common cold

Answer 14

1. numorous RNA rhinovirus
2. picornaviridae
3. many animal host
   transmitted through nasal secretion, airborne, and fomites 3 day incubation
4. nasal congestion, irritated throat, sneezing, fever (rare)
5. seasonal peaks
6. symptomatic and support therapy

Question 15

Genital herpes

Answer 15

1. Herpes Simplex 1/2
2. herpesviridae
   3.human and animals only source
   infect epithelium of genital sites and enters cells moving to nucleus
3. active infeciton rapidly multiply and blister form in genital and anal mucosa
4. latent stage: move to sacral plexus and is undetectable until reactivated
   6.no vaccine
5. support therapy (acyclovir)

Question 16

Hepatitis A

Answer 16

1. Hepatitis A RNA virus
2. Picornaviridae
3. Human only source/resevoir
   fecal/oral route via contaminated food/water 4 week incubation
   fever, chills, nausea, jaundice
4. self limited disease (5 weeks)
   5.symptomatic and support therapy
5. Killed HAV vaccine

Question 17

Rabies (zoonotic viral disease)

Answer 17

1. rabies RNA virus
2. Rhabdoviridae
3. many rural animal reservoir, bats primary source
   bite of infected animals, aerosols, contaminated wounds
   varied incubation
4. anxiety, fatigue, irritability, sensitivity to stimuli, hydrophobia
5. progress to paralysis with death resulting from CNS destruction
   6.100% mortality rate
6. postexposure prophylaxis vaccine can prevent disease if given rapidly
   HDVC and RVA vaccine are available

Question 18

gas gangrene

Answer 18

1. clostridium perfringens (gram +)
2. soil and water
3. pain, edema, drainage, muscle necrosis
4. produce gas gangrene, a necrotizing infection
5. secretes damaging enzymes
6. diagnosis via skin culture, blood test, and imaging
7. treatment include antibiotic therapy, surgical removal of infected tissue via amputation and hyperbaric oxygen therapy

Question 19

leprosy

Answer 19

1. mycobacterium laprae (gram +)
2. humans, armadillo
   respiratory droplet/nasal secretion
   3.bacteria invade peripheral nerve and skin cells

Question 20

type of leprosy

Answer 20

1. tuberculoid leprosy-loss neural sensation (delayed type hypersensitivity)
2. lepromatous leprosy - cell destruction (no delayed type hypersensitivity)
3. diagnose through biopsy and ELISA
4. long term antimicrobial therapy

Question 21

Plague

Answer 21

1. yersinia pestis
2. urban/sylvatic reservoirs
   tranmission via flea, direct contact with infected animal, inhalation of airborne droplet
3. two types:
   bubonic plague
   subcutaneous hemorrhage, fever, and buboes (enlarge lymph nodes)

Pneumonic plague
chest pain, cough, bloody sputum

both have high mortality rate if untreated

treatment is antibiotic therapy

Question 22

diptheria

Answer 22

1. corynebacterium diphtheriae
2. human resevoir/asymptomatic carrier
   nasopharyngeal secretion
3. lysogenize strain produce A-B exotoxins that inhibit protein synthesis
4. fever, fatigue, pseudomembrane formation, skin lesions
   diagnosis through pseudomembrane formation and culture
5. antitoxins given to neutralize exotoxins and antibiotic therapy
6. vaccine available DPT and acellular DTap vaccine

Question 23

Legionaires Disease

Answer 23

1. legionella pneumonophilia
2. water resevoir and source
   3.airborne transmission of contaiminated water
3. fever, cough, headache, and bronchopneumonia
4. legionellosis: reproduction in aveolar macrophage (damage tissue)
   6.treatment isolation of bacteria and immunodiagnostic
5. symptomatic and support therapy and antibiotic therapy.
6. identify and eliminate environmental sources.

Question 24

Meningitis

Answer 24

1.Neisseria meningitidis
2. human source/resevoir
3.respiratory droplet
4. sore throat, vomiting, headache, and stiff neck and back
5. inflammation of CNS meninges can be fatal
6. tx antibiotic and prophylactic
7. MPSV and MCV vaccine

Question 25

tuberculosis

Answer 25

1. mycobacterium tuberculosis
2. human source/resevoir
   person to person via dropet in nuclei in respiratory tract
3. latent TB: minimal
   active TB: fever fatigue, weight loss, cough with bloody sputum
4. tb skin test, chest x-ray, acid fast staining
5. mycolic acid to protect from phagocytosis

Question 26

tubercle

Answer 26

mass formed from bacteria, macrophage, t cell, and human protein

Question 27

miliary tuberculosis

Answer 27

tubercle liquify, filled with air and form tuberculous cavity

Question 28

ghon complex

Answer 28

tubercle necrose becoming caseous lesions

Question 29

pertusis

Answer 29

1. bordatella pertusis
   2.human source and reservoir
2. respiratory droplet
3. 2 stages
   Catarrhal stage: runny nose, sneezing, cough, fever
   Paroxysmal stage: cough fits follow by whoop, exhaustion
4. diagnosis by nasopharyngeal culture and serology
5. antimicrobial therapy
   7 immunization with DTad vaccine

Question 30

Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Answer 30

1. streptococcus pyrogenes
2. human source and reservoir
   respiratory and nasal secretion
3. sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes, redness, edema
4. treament antibiotic to lower chance of rheumatic fever

Question 31

lyme disease

Answer 31

1. borrelia burgdorferi
2. small mammal including deer mice reservoir
3. transmission through ticks
   4.initial localize stage : flu symptoms and erythema migrans
   second disseminated stage: neurological/heart complication
   late stage: neurological degeneration
4. diagnosis via serology testing and isolation of bacteria
5. antibiotic therapy in early stages