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BIO 169 > BIO 111 Lab Practical 2 > Flashcards

BIO 111 Lab Practical 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How did Mendel carry out crosses between different variety of peas

A

he grew pea plants until he got true breeding then cross breed parental to get F1 and cross between F1 to get F2 by use of self-fertilization and cross-fertilization.

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2
Q

what characteristic of the pea plant made it suitable experimental organism for mendel?

A

inexpensive, produce a lot of offspring, easy to breed

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3
Q

what is genotype

A

the genetic characteristic

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4
Q

what is phenotype

A

physical appearance/traits

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5
Q

what term are used to describe the genotype of a diploid organism

A

homozygous dominant (HH)
homozygous recessive (hh)
heterozygous (Hh)

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6
Q

what does Mendel’s principle of segregation explain the result of monohybrid

A

traits separate into gametes separately

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7
Q

reciprocal cross

A

flipping of male and female traits. let us know if trait is sex-linked

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8
Q

explain the concept of complete dominance

A

dominant completely massed recessive in heterozygous condition; when nothing weird is happening in a cross

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9
Q

what is a testcross and what does it reveal

A

cross of dominant phenotype with unknown genotype to homozygous recessive genotype
reveal the genotype of organism

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10
Q

what is incomplete dominance

A

the dominant gene does not fully mask recessive trait
white flower + red flower =Pink flower

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11
Q

what is codominance

A

when both phenotypes of a pair of alleles are expressed, neither one covers the other.

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12
Q

purpose of cell division

A

regenerate, growth, and development

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13
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death
immune cells trigger cell death so it doesn’t turn to cancer

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14
Q

what is cancer cell

A

unchecked cell that doesn’t know how to stop dividing

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15
Q

sister chromatid

A

identical copies of chromosomes and from the same parent; connected at centromere

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16
Q

chromosome

A

gene from both parent; not identical but similar

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17
Q

mitotic spindle

A

microtubules that extend from centrioles and attached to kinetochore to pull apart chromosome

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18
Q

centromere

A

area on chromosome that hold sister chromatid together

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19
Q

chomatin

A

DNA wrapped around protein

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20
Q

kinetochore

A

found outside of centromere, what mitotic spindle attached to

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21
Q

aster

A

star like structure extending from centrioles

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22
Q

2 main part of cell cycle

A

interphase and mitosis (m-phase)

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23
Q

what makes up interphase

A

G1, S and G2

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24
Q

G1

A

growth

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25
Q

s phase

A

DNA synthesis/ replicate

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26
Q

G2

A

growth and preparation for mitosis

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27
Q

prophase

A
  1. chromosome condensed
  2. nuclear envelope dissolve
  3. centriole replicate and move to opposite ends
  4. microtubules start to move out
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28
Q

Metaphase

A
  1. all 46 chromosome line up at plate/equator
  2. 2 microtubules attached to centromere
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29
Q

anaphase

A

sister chromatid gets pulled apart

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30
Q

telophase

A
  1. 2 nuclear membrane form around new set of chromatid
  2. see cleavage furrow at center of cell ( for plants, cell plate)
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31
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm pinch off to form two diploid

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32
Q

what are the three check point

A
  1. G1 make sure cell ready to undergo mitosis
  2. G2 chromosome synthesize correctly
  3. metaphase make sure each centromere has two microtubule attached to them
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33
Q

how does cancer form

A

cell goes uncheck and divide continuously without stopping
immune does not catch it
get it by anything that damage our cells
UV light, injury, infection, smoking, burns

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34
Q

two type of cancer cell

A

benign and malignant

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35
Q

cell immortality

A

cancer
cell refused to stop dividing

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36
Q

purpose of meiosis

A

sexual reproduction

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37
Q

normal cells/tissue cells

A

somatic

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38
Q

sex cells

A

gamete

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39
Q

binary fission

A

bacterial cell (prokaryotic) division
asexual reproduction; copy themselves exactly

40
Q

human life cycle

A

make gamete from meiosis; sperm and egg
come together to make a zygote then
zygote undergoes billion of mitosis until sexual maturity then meiosis begin again

41
Q

why does sexual reproduction evolve

A

good source of variation
in population, more variation means likely to adapt due to environment change

42
Q

karyotype

A

picture of chromosomes matched up in order from largest to smallest and numbered from 1-23
done during mitosis when DNA is condensed and look like an X

43
Q

autosome

A

normal chromosome
somatic 44 reg +2 sex
gamete 22 reg +1 sex

44
Q

haploid

A

1 copy of each (1N or 23 chrom)

45
Q

diploid

A

2 copies (2N or 46 chrom)

46
Q

difference between mitosis and meiosis

A

meiosis you go through 2 rounds of cell division

47
Q

prophase 1

A

crossing over and synapses

48
Q

metaphase 1

A

2 rows of homologous chrom. form 2 lines of 23 at equator instead of 1 line of 46

49
Q

anaphase 1

A

homologous chrom separate

50
Q

telophase 1

A

same as mitosis, 1 nuclear envelope formed around the homologous chromosome

51
Q

PMAT 2

A

same as mitosis except 2 cells going through the division

52
Q

synapses

A

pairing of chromosome; mom chrom match up with dad chrom

53
Q

crossing over

A

exchange info

54
Q

chiasmata

A

site of crossing over

55
Q

germ cells

A

made after meiosis
NOT considered sperm and egg
has to develop into a gamete
germ cell and gamete are not the same

56
Q

explain inheritance of allele at the ABO locus and how it determines ABO blood type

A

each parent donates one of their two ABO alleles to child. ABO determine by the presence or absence of antigens.

57
Q

how did mendel’s observations and principles differ from the concept of blending inheritance?

A

phenotype reappear in later generation meaning it’s still there and only masked making it a recessive trait

58
Q

mendel’s principal of assortment explain result of dihybrid cross assuming no linkage

A

one of mom with each one of dad and one of dad with each one of mom. all possible outcome in the gamete

59
Q

biological process underline the pattern explained by principle of segregation and independent assortment

A

independent assortment -mom on top or dad on top
principal of segregation separate mom from dad

60
Q

phenytype and genotype of dihybrid cross

A

9-3-3-1 dominant/dominant
dominant/recessive
recessive/dominant
recessive/recessive

61
Q

autosome

A

normal chromosome 44 autosome +2 sex chromosome

62
Q

how would the result of a dihybrid cross differ if two autosomal gene exhibit complete linkage

A

equal proportion for all four

63
Q

how testcross reveal the effect of linkage

A

more look like mom and dad and gene likely on same chromosome

64
Q

how can you determine if the experimental data from dihybrid cross is consistant with the principal of independent assortment

A

punnett square

65
Q

how do you calculate chi-square test statistic

A

find the difference between the observed and the expected value

66
Q

how do you determine the degree of freedom in a genetic cross

A

the number of phenotype (n) - 1

67
Q

in chi square analysis, what is meant by p=0.9?

A

the probability that 90% chance of being completely random and not due to anything in experiment

68
Q

explain XX-XY determination

A

XX is female and XY is male

69
Q

how is dosage compensation achieved in species with XX-XY determination

A

female has 2-X chromosome which mean she has twice as many protein as male. to compensate x is inactivated

70
Q

what are sex link characteristics

A

features controlled by genes on x chromosome

71
Q

how does random x inactivation explain the inheritance of a patchy distribution of coat color on tortoiseshell cats

A

coat color is x linked

72
Q

what are the standard symbol used in pedigree

A

square is male; circle is female

73
Q

autosomal recessive

A

traits skips a generation

74
Q

autosomal dominant

A

every generation has the trait

75
Q

x linked recessive

A

female carrier passed to male

76
Q

x-linked dominant

A

both male and female can have traits of affected mom

77
Q

y linked traits

A

only son received from dad

78
Q

stage of DNA replication

A
  1. helicase open helix,
  2. DNA separate
  3. primer of template strand
  4. assembly of new DNA segment
79
Q

what are the key enzyme and protein required for each stage of DNA replication of E. coli

A

DNA helicase, RNA primase, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase

80
Q

what are common characteristics of E. coli DNA polymerases?

A

copy damage DNA

81
Q

in E. Coli which DNA polymerase removes and replace primer

A

polymerase I

82
Q

Why is primer requires to initiate DNA replication

A

polymerase can only attached new DNA to existing nucleotide

83
Q

compare and contrast leading strand and lagging stand

A

leading -continuous work 3-5
lagging - discontinuous work 5-3

84
Q

main stage of transcription

A

initiation, elongation, and termination

85
Q

what is the orientation and sequence of transcribed RNA molecule relative to DNA template strand? DNA coding strand

A

template strand 5’ to 3’
coding strand is 3’ to 5’

86
Q

how does gene organization differ in prokaryotes versus eukaryote

A

prokaryote occur in cytoplasm
eukaryote in nucleus

87
Q

the type of post-transcriptional modification occur in the processing of pre-mRNA in eukaryotes? what are the functions of thes post-transcriptional modification

A

5’ capping - protect from being broken
poly A tail- increase mRNA stability
splicing - remove unnecessary segment

88
Q

what events are required to initiate translation

A

when small ribosome subunit binds with mRNA and start codon is recognize

89
Q

what event are required in the elongation stage of translation

A

movement of 3 nucleotides along ribosome-coupled mRNA, and amino acid bound to tRNA is added on by peptide bond

90
Q

how is the appropriation amino acid delivered to the site of translation

A

tRNA bring amino acid and join it the complimentary codon

91
Q

what is meant by codon and anti-codon

A

codon 3 nucleotides on mRNA
anti-codon 3 nucleotides on tRNA

92
Q

what are stop codon and how do they function

A

sequence of 3 nucleotides in DNA or RNA that stop protein synthesis

93
Q

what are the necessary equipment needed for agarose gel electrophoresis

A

DNA
Restriction Enzyme
Gel
buffer
power supply

94
Q

role of buffer and the agarose gel in electrophoresis

A

buffer conduct electric field, gel separate DNA fragment

95
Q

how does DNA fragment of different size separate by electrical current

A

smaller travel faster and longer distance, while larger travel slower and shorter distance

96
Q

how is size of DNA fragment estimated in a agarose gel electrophoresis

A

marker DNA

BIO 169 (8 decks)

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