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BIO 169 > BIO 169 LAB PRACTICAL 3 > Flashcards

BIO 169 LAB PRACTICAL 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

four macromolecule

A
  1. carbohydrate
  2. lipids
  3. proteins
  4. nucleic acid
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2
Q

what is a enzyme

A

protein catalysts
increase the rate of a reaction by lowering activation energy

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3
Q

substrate

A

the reactant in a reaction

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4
Q

product

A

result of a reaction

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5
Q

active site

A

location on enzyme where substrate binds

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6
Q

specificity

A

only substrate compatible with enzyme active site will elicit a reaction

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7
Q

denaturation

A

anything that changes the molecular shape of the enzyme and renders it nonfunctional

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8
Q

what environment affect enzymes

A
  1. temperature
  2. pH
  3. salt concentration
  4. chemical
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9
Q

what temp does the enzyme act optimally

A

body temp 37 degree C or 98.6 degree F

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10
Q

what does high temp do to enzyme

A

denature it

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11
Q

catabolic

A

break down substrate

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12
Q

type of catabolic reaction

A

hydrolysis

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13
Q

growth/building of substance

A

anabolic

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14
Q

a type of anabolic reaction

A

dehydration synthesis

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15
Q

breaking bonds of molecules using water

A

hydrolysis

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16
Q

monomers bind together to form a larger molecule

A

dehydration synthesis

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17
Q

primary source of energy for body

A

carbohydrates

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18
Q

monomers of carbohydrates

A

saccharides

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19
Q

monosaccharide

A

simple sugar

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20
Q

what are the monosaccharides?

A

fructose,glucose, galactose

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21
Q

two monosaccharide bound in a dehydration synthesis reaction

A

disaccharide

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22
Q

what are the dissacharide?

A

lactose, maltose, sucrose

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23
Q

long chains of (3+) monosaccharide (complex carbohydrate)

A

polysaccharide

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24
Q

animal storage form of polysaccharide

A

glycogen

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25
Q

plant storage form of sugar

A

starch

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26
Q

enzyme that breaks the carbohydrate into mono- and disaccharide

A

amylase

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27
Q

two type of amylase

A

salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase

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28
Q

where is pancreatic amylase release

A

duodenum after chyme exits the stomach into small intestine

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29
Q

monomers of lipids

A

glycerol and fatty acid

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30
Q

what are lipids composed of

A

fatty acid attached to glycerol backbone

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31
Q

the 3 types of lipids

A

monoglyceride
diglycerides
triglyceride

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32
Q

what type of fat solidify at room temp

A

saturated fat

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33
Q

what type of lipid stays in liquid form at room temp

A

unsaturated fat

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34
Q

what’s the difference between saturated fat and unsaturated fat

A

saturated fat-all carbon are are bonded to hydrogen
unsaturated fat- the carbon atoms at least have one double bond

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35
Q

what enzyme breaks up lipids

A

lipase

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36
Q

what are the two type of lipase

A

salivary lipase and pancreatic lipase

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37
Q

monomers of protein

A

amino acid

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38
Q

what kind of bond does amino acid have

A

peptide bond

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39
Q

what determine protein structure and function

A

sequence

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40
Q

how many different amino acid

A

20
9 are essential and 11 are nonessential (made by body)

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41
Q

protein digestion begin where

A

stomach

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42
Q

what does chief cells secrete

A

pepsinogen

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43
Q

what does pepsinogen do

A

break up peptide bonds into smaller polypeptides

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44
Q

what breaks up protein in small intestine

A

proteases and peptidases

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45
Q

lugol’s IKI test for what

A

starch
color change is an indication of presence (carbohydrate polysaccharide)
dark purple/black

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46
Q

benedict’s solution test for what?

A

glucose (monosaccharide)
color changed with heat
turned yellow

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47
Q

litmus cream

A

change in color indicated pH change due to fatty acid from lipid
turned pink

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48
Q

biuret’s reagent

A

color change indicated presence of peptide (protein)
became clear
HCl activate pepsinogen into pepsin to break down peptide bond

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49
Q

macromolecule that our body use for energy production

A

lipid, protein, and carbohydrate

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50
Q

purpose of 37 degree C

A

optimal temp for enzyme reaction/body temp. cause the molecules to move more quickly

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51
Q

enzyme for protein

A

stomach
chief cells release pepsinogen.
parietal cells convert pepsinogen into pepsin (active form)
intestine
protease from pancreas and brush border of small intestine
peptidase from pancreas and brush border of small intestine

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52
Q

what is pH

A

concentration of H+ ion in a solution

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53
Q

proton donors in a solution

A

acids

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54
Q

proton acceptor

A

base (donate OH)

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55
Q

buffers

A

substance that neutralize acids and bases

56
Q

pure water has a pH of what

A

7.0 neutral

57
Q

organic substance that changes color at a specific pH

A

indicators

58
Q

what are indicators

A

organic substance that changes color at a specific pH

59
Q

neutralize either strong acid or strong base by removing or adding H+

A

buffer

60
Q

what is important in humans

A

sodium bicarbonate (NaCHO3)

61
Q

examples of buffers

A

antacid (tums, alka-seltzers, rolaids, etc)

62
Q

physiological health is dependent on what pH range

A

7.35-7.45

63
Q

four types of buffer system

A

1.phosphate buffer system
2. protein buffer system
3. hemoglobin buffer system
4. carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system

64
Q

acidosis

A

pH of 7.35 and less

65
Q

alkolosis

A

pH of 7.45 and higher

66
Q

why is a universal pH indicator better than other pH indicator

A

more specific because it changes color for every pH

67
Q

what cause denature of protein

A

low pH
high temp
high salt concentrate
high pH

68
Q

enzyme

A

bind to specific substrate
speed up chemical reaction
lower activation energy
is not used up in reaction

69
Q

movement of air in and out of the lungs (breathing)

A

pulmonary ventilation

70
Q

exchange of O2 and CO2 at alveoli in lungs

A

external respiration

71
Q

exchange of gas in peripheral of tissue

A

internal respiration

72
Q

intrapulmonary pressure

A

pressure in lungs

73
Q

the difference in atmospheric pressure determines direction of airflow

A

boyle’s law

74
Q

what is used to measure lung capacities

A

spirometer

75
Q

why are pulmonary function measured detect?

A

pulmonary health

76
Q

what does function test measured

A

pulmonary health

77
Q

total lung volume is divided into a series of what?

A

volumes and capacities

78
Q

tidal volume

A

the amount of air moved into and out of lungs in a breath

79
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

additional amount of air that can be inhaled following normal breath (forced inhalation)

80
Q

the amount of air moved into and out of lungs in one breath

A

tidal volume

81
Q

additional amount of air that can be inhaled following normal breath

A

inspiratory reserve volume

82
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

additional amount of air capable being exhaled following normal breath (forced exhalation)

83
Q

amount of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation

A

residual volume

84
Q

residual volume

A

amount of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation

85
Q

additional amount of air capable of being exhaled following normal breath (forced exhalation)

A

expiratory reserve volume

86
Q

boyle law

A

p=1/V

87
Q

vital volume

A

inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve + tidal volume

88
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume= the total maximum capacity inhaled

89
Q

total lung capacity

A

vital capacity + residual volume

90
Q

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume = total maximum capacity inhaled

A

inspiratory capacity

91
Q

respiratory rate

A

number of breaths per minute

92
Q

number of breath per minute

A

respiratory rate

93
Q

respiratory minute volume

A

amount of air moved per minute

94
Q

amount of air moved per minute

A

respiratory minute volume (MV)

95
Q

how to calculate MV

A

RR x TV =MV

96
Q

injury to chest wall or rupture of alveoli

A

pneumothorax

97
Q

collapsed lung

A

atelectasis

98
Q

atelectasis

A

collapsed lung

99
Q

glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)

A

detect a change in blood or pH or pO2 at carotid body

100
Q

vagus nerve (X)

A

change in blood pH or pO2 at aortic bodies

101
Q

central chemoreceptors that monitor CSF

A

on medulla oblongata
respond to pCO2 and pH of CSF

102
Q

hypercapnea

A

high CO2
hypoventilation
chemoreceptor stimulate center to increase rate of breathing

103
Q

hypocapnea

A

low CO2
hyperventilation
chemoreceptor decrease activity

104
Q

what happens when diaphragm moves downward (contract)

A

thoracic cavity increase in volume and the lungs expand to allow oxygen to flow in

105
Q

what happens when diaphragm moves upward (relax)

A

thoracic cavity decrease in volume and the lungs recoil/deflate expelling CO2 out

106
Q

what is the relationship between volume and pressure

A

inversely related

107
Q

breathing into phenyl solution after exercise cause solution to turn yellow in less time because?

A

exhaling more CO2 after exercising cause faster chemical reaction

108
Q

why is it after hyperventilating, you are able to hold your breath longer?

A

hyperventilating cause you to expel CO2 so the threshold for CO2 is not met. The chemoreceptor does not tell your body to breathe because of the low level of CO2.

109
Q

urinary system controls what?

A

blood composition, volume, and pressure

110
Q

kidney remove metabolic waste from circulation in the form of what?

A

urine

111
Q

organ of urinary system

A

kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

112
Q

process of eliminating urine

A

urination or micturition

113
Q

function of urinary system

A

excretion, elimination, and homeostatic regulation

114
Q

homeostatic function

A

stabilize blood pH
conserve nutrient
assisting liver detoxing

115
Q

full bladder is how much urine

A

1 liter

116
Q

why are ureteric orifices slit like and not round?

A

help prevent back flow

117
Q

urinary reflexes

A

urine storage
urine voiding

118
Q

diagnostic tool-analysis of urine sample

A

urinalysis

119
Q

color, clarity, odor

A

physical characteristics

120
Q

specific gravity, pH, glucose, protein, ketone, Hb

A

chemical analysis

121
Q

specific gravity

A

concentration of solute in a liquid

122
Q

water specific gravity

A

1.0

123
Q

high level of specific gravity indication

A

diabetes or dehydration

124
Q

low level of specific gravity indication

A

hyponatremia, diabetes insipidus

125
Q

WBC, crystals, casts

A

microscopic evaluation

126
Q

crystal in urine indicates

A

UTI, stones

127
Q

casts in urine indicate

A

renal disease

128
Q

tubular solid formed in nephrons (proteins)

A

casts

129
Q

why is urine yellow

A

from urobilin

130
Q

normal solute in urine

A

mucus, epithelial cells, small amount of crystals

131
Q

what is abnormal in urine

A

pathogen, high level of casts and crystals

132
Q

protein in urine

A

proteinuria

133
Q

sugar in urine

A

glucosuria

134
Q

indication of dark urine

A

dehydration

135
Q

positive for calcium in urine

A

hyperthyroidism

BIO 169 (8 decks)

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