BIO 169 LAB PRACTICAL 3 Flashcards
four macromolecule
- carbohydrate
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acid
what is a enzyme
protein catalysts
increase the rate of a reaction by lowering activation energy
substrate
the reactant in a reaction
product
result of a reaction
active site
location on enzyme where substrate binds
specificity
only substrate compatible with enzyme active site will elicit a reaction
denaturation
anything that changes the molecular shape of the enzyme and renders it nonfunctional
what environment affect enzymes
- temperature
- pH
- salt concentration
- chemical
what temp does the enzyme act optimally
body temp 37 degree C or 98.6 degree F
what does high temp do to enzyme
denature it
catabolic
break down substrate
type of catabolic reaction
hydrolysis
growth/building of substance
anabolic
a type of anabolic reaction
dehydration synthesis
breaking bonds of molecules using water
hydrolysis
monomers bind together to form a larger molecule
dehydration synthesis
primary source of energy for body
carbohydrates
monomers of carbohydrates
saccharides
monosaccharide
simple sugar
what are the monosaccharides?
fructose,glucose, galactose
two monosaccharide bound in a dehydration synthesis reaction
disaccharide
what are the dissacharide?
lactose, maltose, sucrose
long chains of (3+) monosaccharide (complex carbohydrate)
polysaccharide
animal storage form of polysaccharide
glycogen
plant storage form of sugar
starch
enzyme that breaks the carbohydrate into mono- and disaccharide
amylase
two type of amylase
salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase
where is pancreatic amylase release
duodenum after chyme exits the stomach into small intestine
monomers of lipids
glycerol and fatty acid
what are lipids composed of
fatty acid attached to glycerol backbone
the 3 types of lipids
monoglyceride
diglycerides
triglyceride
what type of fat solidify at room temp
saturated fat
what type of lipid stays in liquid form at room temp
unsaturated fat
what’s the difference between saturated fat and unsaturated fat
saturated fat-all carbon are are bonded to hydrogen
unsaturated fat- the carbon atoms at least have one double bond
what enzyme breaks up lipids
lipase
what are the two type of lipase
salivary lipase and pancreatic lipase
monomers of protein
amino acid
what kind of bond does amino acid have
peptide bond
what determine protein structure and function
sequence
how many different amino acid
20
9 are essential and 11 are nonessential (made by body)
protein digestion begin where
stomach
what does chief cells secrete
pepsinogen
what does pepsinogen do
break up peptide bonds into smaller polypeptides
what breaks up protein in small intestine
proteases and peptidases
lugol’s IKI test for what
starch
color change is an indication of presence (carbohydrate polysaccharide)
dark purple/black
benedict’s solution test for what?
glucose (monosaccharide)
color changed with heat
turned yellow
litmus cream
change in color indicated pH change due to fatty acid from lipid
turned pink
biuret’s reagent
color change indicated presence of peptide (protein)
became clear
HCl activate pepsinogen into pepsin to break down peptide bond
macromolecule that our body use for energy production
lipid, protein, and carbohydrate
purpose of 37 degree C
optimal temp for enzyme reaction/body temp. cause the molecules to move more quickly
enzyme for protein
stomach
chief cells release pepsinogen.
parietal cells convert pepsinogen into pepsin (active form)
intestine
protease from pancreas and brush border of small intestine
peptidase from pancreas and brush border of small intestine
what is pH
concentration of H+ ion in a solution
proton donors in a solution
acids
proton acceptor
base (donate OH)
buffers
substance that neutralize acids and bases
pure water has a pH of what
7.0 neutral
organic substance that changes color at a specific pH
indicators
what are indicators
organic substance that changes color at a specific pH
neutralize either strong acid or strong base by removing or adding H+
buffer
what is important in humans
sodium bicarbonate (NaCHO3)
examples of buffers
antacid (tums, alka-seltzers, rolaids, etc)
physiological health is dependent on what pH range
7.35-7.45
four types of buffer system
1.phosphate buffer system
2. protein buffer system
3. hemoglobin buffer system
4. carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system
acidosis
pH of 7.35 and less
alkolosis
pH of 7.45 and higher
why is a universal pH indicator better than other pH indicator
more specific because it changes color for every pH
what cause denature of protein
low pH
high temp
high salt concentrate
high pH
enzyme
bind to specific substrate
speed up chemical reaction
lower activation energy
is not used up in reaction
movement of air in and out of the lungs (breathing)
pulmonary ventilation
exchange of O2 and CO2 at alveoli in lungs
external respiration
exchange of gas in peripheral of tissue
internal respiration
intrapulmonary pressure
pressure in lungs
the difference in atmospheric pressure determines direction of airflow
boyle’s law
what is used to measure lung capacities
spirometer
why are pulmonary function measured detect?
pulmonary health
what does function test measured
pulmonary health
total lung volume is divided into a series of what?
volumes and capacities
tidal volume
the amount of air moved into and out of lungs in a breath
inspiratory reserve volume
additional amount of air that can be inhaled following normal breath (forced inhalation)
the amount of air moved into and out of lungs in one breath
tidal volume
additional amount of air that can be inhaled following normal breath
inspiratory reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume
additional amount of air capable being exhaled following normal breath (forced exhalation)
amount of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation
residual volume
residual volume
amount of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation
additional amount of air capable of being exhaled following normal breath (forced exhalation)
expiratory reserve volume
boyle law
p=1/V
vital volume
inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve + tidal volume
inspiratory capacity
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume= the total maximum capacity inhaled
total lung capacity
vital capacity + residual volume
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume = total maximum capacity inhaled
inspiratory capacity
respiratory rate
number of breaths per minute
number of breath per minute
respiratory rate
respiratory minute volume
amount of air moved per minute
amount of air moved per minute
respiratory minute volume (MV)
how to calculate MV
RR x TV =MV
injury to chest wall or rupture of alveoli
pneumothorax
collapsed lung
atelectasis
atelectasis
collapsed lung
glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
detect a change in blood or pH or pO2 at carotid body
vagus nerve (X)
change in blood pH or pO2 at aortic bodies
central chemoreceptors that monitor CSF
on medulla oblongata
respond to pCO2 and pH of CSF
hypercapnea
high CO2
hypoventilation
chemoreceptor stimulate center to increase rate of breathing
hypocapnea
low CO2
hyperventilation
chemoreceptor decrease activity
what happens when diaphragm moves downward (contract)
thoracic cavity increase in volume and the lungs expand to allow oxygen to flow in
what happens when diaphragm moves upward (relax)
thoracic cavity decrease in volume and the lungs recoil/deflate expelling CO2 out
what is the relationship between volume and pressure
inversely related
breathing into phenyl solution after exercise cause solution to turn yellow in less time because?
exhaling more CO2 after exercising cause faster chemical reaction
why is it after hyperventilating, you are able to hold your breath longer?
hyperventilating cause you to expel CO2 so the threshold for CO2 is not met. The chemoreceptor does not tell your body to breathe because of the low level of CO2.
urinary system controls what?
blood composition, volume, and pressure
kidney remove metabolic waste from circulation in the form of what?
urine
organ of urinary system
kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra
process of eliminating urine
urination or micturition
function of urinary system
excretion, elimination, and homeostatic regulation
homeostatic function
stabilize blood pH
conserve nutrient
assisting liver detoxing
full bladder is how much urine
1 liter
why are ureteric orifices slit like and not round?
help prevent back flow
urinary reflexes
urine storage
urine voiding
diagnostic tool-analysis of urine sample
urinalysis
color, clarity, odor
physical characteristics
specific gravity, pH, glucose, protein, ketone, Hb
chemical analysis
specific gravity
concentration of solute in a liquid
water specific gravity
1.0
high level of specific gravity indication
diabetes or dehydration
low level of specific gravity indication
hyponatremia, diabetes insipidus
WBC, crystals, casts
microscopic evaluation
crystal in urine indicates
UTI, stones
casts in urine indicate
renal disease
tubular solid formed in nephrons (proteins)
casts
why is urine yellow
from urobilin
normal solute in urine
mucus, epithelial cells, small amount of crystals
what is abnormal in urine
pathogen, high level of casts and crystals
protein in urine
proteinuria
sugar in urine
glucosuria
indication of dark urine
dehydration
positive for calcium in urine
hyperthyroidism
