Chapter 23 Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
what is the primary pathway for energy production
A
aerobic
2
Q
what does aerobic metabolism require
A
oxygen
3
Q
what aerobic metabolism produce
A
carbon dioxide
4
Q
where is oxygen obtained
A
air
5
Q
O2 ________ across surfaces in lungs
A
diffuses
6
Q
O2 is transported from ________ to peripheral
A
lungs
7
Q
O2 is transported from lungs to ________ _________.
A
peripheral tissue
8
Q
CO2 is transported from __________ _________ to lungs
A
peripheral tissue
9
Q
CO2 is transported from peripheral tissues to _________
A
lungs
10
Q
Increase in _______ make our pH go down and turn to acidosis
A
CO2
11
Q
Increase in CO2 makes our ______ go down and turn into acidosis
A
pH
12
Q
Increase in CO2 makes our pH go down and turn into ________ .
A
acidosis
13
Q
where does gas exchange take place?
A
lungs
14
Q
what is the function of the respiratory system
A
- provide surface area for gas exchange
- move air to and from exchange surface of lungs
- protect surfaces from dehydration, temperature change, and pathogen
- produce sound
- detect odors with olfactory receptor in nasal cavity
15
Q
respiratory system is divided into how many system?
A
two
1. upper respiratory system (nose nasal cavity, sinuses, and pharynx)
2. lower respiratory system (larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
16
Q
from nasal cavity to larger bronchioles
A
conducting portion
17
Q
smallest respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
A
respiratory portion
18
Q
air filled pockets with lungs, where all gas exchange takes place
A
alveoli
19
Q
exchange of gas
A
respiration
20
Q
a series of filtration mechanisms, removes particles and pathogens from inhaled air
A
respiratory defense system
21
Q
found in lining of upper respiratory (nasal cavity and superior pharynx)
A
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial
22
Q
has stratified squamous epithelium found in what portion of the respiratory tract
A
inferior pharynx
23
Q
what in the nasal cavity removes large particles?
A
filtration
24
Q
what sweeps mucus and trapped debris and microorganisms towards pharynx to be swallowed
A
cilia
25
engulf small particles that reach lungs
alveolar macrophages
26
the primary passageway for air entering respiratory system
nose
27
where does air enter through
nostril (nares)
28
once air enters the nostril where does it pass next?
nasal vestibule (space contain within flexible tissues of nose)
29
found in epithelium of vestibule and traps large particle in air
nasal hair
30
what does the upper respiratory system made of
1. nose (nostril, nasal vestibule, nasal hair)
2. nasal cavity
31
what divides the nasal cavity into left and right sides
nasal septum
32
superior portion of nasal cavity
olfactory region
33
produced in paranasal sinuses and tears to clean and moisten cavity
mucus
34
narrow passageways that produce air turbulence to trap particles in mucus, warm humidified incoming air and bring olfactory stimuli to olfactory receptors
meatuses
35
how many meatuses does air flow through?
three
1. inferior meatus
2. middle meatus
3. superior meatus
36
forms floor of nasal cavity and separate nasal and oral cavities
hard palate (front)
37
extends posterior to hard palate and divides superior nasopharynx from rest of pharynx
soft palate (back)
38
a chamber shared by digestive and respiratory systems and extends between posterior nasal cavity and entrances to larynx and esophagus
pharynx
39
the pharynx is divided into what three part
1. nasopharynx
2. oropharynx
3. laryngopharynx
40
superior part of pharynx
nasopharynx
41
contains opening of tonsil and pharyngeal of auditory tubes
nasal pharynx
42
connects directly to oral cavity
oropharynx
43
inferior portion of pharynx, between hyoid bone and entrance of larynx and esophagus
laryngopharynx
44
slit-like opening between vocal chords
glottis
45
what three cartilage form the larynx?
1. thyroid cartilage
2. cricoid cartilage
3. epiglottis
46
anterior surface forms adam's apple
laryngeal prominence
47
open and close glottis and produce sound
corniculate and arytenoid cartilage
48
forms posterior portion of larynx
cricoid cartilage
49
cricoid cartilage use what to articulate
arytenoid cartilage
50
elastic cartilage that covers glottis when swallowing
epiglottis
51
during swallowing larynx is _______ .
elevated
52
what prevents food and liquid from entering respiratory tract?
epiglottis folds back over glottis
53
what passes through glottis vibrates vocal folds to produce sound wave
air
54
what reposition arytenoid cartilage to control tension of vocal folds to alter pitch of sound
voluntary muscle
55
tough, flexible tube that extends from cricoid cartilage to mediastinum and branches off into right and left main bronchi
trachea
56
thick layer of connective tissue in the trachea that contains tracheal glands that produce mucous secretions
submucosa
57
how many cartilage does the trachea have?
15-20 C-shaped tracheal cartilages
58
as the bronchial tree becomes smaller what happens?
it has less cartilage and more smooth muscle
59
bronchioles branches from ____________
segmental bronchus branches
60
bronchioles branches into ________
terminal branchioles
61
are dominated by smooth muscles
bronchioles
62
what controls luminal diameter of bronchioles by regulating smooth muscles and control air flows in lungs
autonomic nervous system
63
enlarge luminal diameter by sympathetic activation to reduce resistance in airflow
bronchodilation
64
reduce luminal diameter by parasympathetic activation
bronchoconstriction
65
excessive stimulation of smooth muscle causing severe bronchoconstriction
asthma
66
what are bronchioles connected to
alveolar ducts
67
where does alveolar duct end
alveolar sacs
68
what are alveolus surrounded by?
elastic fibers
69
alveolar has what type of epithelium?
simple squamous epithelium
70
what are alveolar cell layer formed by
thin, delicate pneumocytes type I
71
pneumocyte type II produce what
suffactant
72
keep alveoli from collapsing by coating surface and reducing tension
suffactant
73
oily secretion containing phospholipid and protein
surfactant
74
alveoli collapse after each inhalation caused by an inadequate amount of surfactant due to injury or genetic abnormalities
respiration distress syndrome
75
where does gas exchange occur in alveoli?
blood air barrier
76
blood air barrier layers
1. alveolar cell layer
2. capillary endothelial layer
3. fused basement membrane between them
77
why is gas exchange quick and efficient
distance for diffusion is short
78
O2 and CO2 are small and _____ ______
lipid soluble
79
O2 and CO2 are ______ and lipid soluble
small
80
lobes of lungs are separated by _______ ________
deep fissure
81
divided into lobes (superior, middle, and inferior) and wider. also displaced upward by liver
right lung
82
has two lobes (superior and inferior) and longer. also indented on medial margin
left lung
83
indented medial margin of lungs
cardiac notch
84
where pulmonary vessel, nerve and lymphatic enter lung
hilum
85
complex of dense connective tissue, nerve, and vessel in hilum
root of the lung
86
fibrous partition in the lungs that contain elastic fibers, smooth muscle, and lymphatic vessel
trabeculae
87
divided by the finest partitions (interlobular septa)
pulmonary lobules
88
oxygen rich blood is carried to pulmonary veins to which atrium?
left
89
bronchi has own vasculature system branching off of what?
aortic arch
90
blood pressure in Pulmonary circuit is ____ than systemic circuit
lower
91
pulmonary vessels are easily blocked by
blood clots, fat, or air bubble
92
a blocked branch of pulmonary artery that stops blood flow to lobules or alveoli
pulmonary embolism
93
all exchange of O2 and CO2 with external environment
external respiration (done in lungs)
94
Uptake of O2 and release of CO2 by cells as a result of cellular respiration
internal respiration (done in tissue)
95
breathing; physical movement of air into and out of respiratory tract
pulmonary ventilation
96
ability to produce ATP
cellular respiration
97
impaired exchange of gases at lung (external respiration) interferes with ability to produce ATP (cellular respiration) resulting in low oxygen level
hypoxia
98
complete lack of oxygen in tissue
anoxia
99
weight of earth's atmosphere-force of air on surface due to gravity
atmosphere pressure (atm)
100
defines the relationship between gas pressure and volume
boyle's law
volume increase; pressure decreases
volume decrease; pressure increase
101
external pressure forces molecules ____ together
closer
102
air flow from an area of ___ pressure to ____pressure
high, low
103
1 inspiration (inhalation) and one expiration (exhalation)
respiratory cycle
104
volume changes creates _____ change
pressure
105
respiratory muscle
diaphragm and external intercostal muscle
106
inhalation is always _____
active
107
exhalation can be
active or passive
108
when diaphragm relax what happens to lungs
they deflate
109
when diaphragm contracts what happens?
draws air into lungs (75% of air movement)
110
assist in inhalation
external intercostal muscle (25% of air movement)
111
internal intercostal muscle and transverse thoracic ______the ribs
depress
112
abdominal muscles ____ the abdomen forcing diaphragm upward
compress
113
when the diaphragm relaxes, the rig cage returns to its original position, the volume of the thoracic ______
decrease
114
when lungs decrease, pressure _____
increase
115
when pressure increase, air_____
move out
116
force breathing involving active inhalation and exhalation
hyperpnea
117
quiet breathing involves active inhalation and passive exhalation
eupnea
118
when muscles of inhalation relax, elastic components of tissue recoil, and the diaphragm and rib cage return to their original positions.
elastic rebound
119
atmospheric pressure
1 atm= 760 mm Hg
120
pressure within lungs
intrapulmonary pressure (intra-alveolar pressure)
121
factors that affect ventilation function
1. resistance (bronchodilator and bronchoconstriction)
2. compliance (expandability of lungs)
122
number if breaths per minute
respiratory rate
123
amount of air moved per breath
tidal wave
124
amount of air moved per minute
respiratory minute volume
calculated by taking respiratory rate x tidal volume
125
The partial pressure is proportional to its percent presence in the air or gas partial pressure and atmospheric concentration
Dalton's Law
126
Pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture
Partial pressure
127
partial pressure and gas concentration in a solution
Henry's Law
128
Gas arriving in pulmonary artery have
low pO2
high pCO2
129
O2 binds to iron ions in hemoglobin (Hb) molecules
oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
130
factors affecting Hb saturation
increase in CO2
Increase in Tempurature
Increase in H+
131
effect of pH on hemoglobin-O2 saturation
Bohr's effect
132
70% of CO2 is transported as
Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
133
bicarbonate ions move into plasma in exchange for CL- ions
chloride shift
134
CO2 bound to protein portion of Hb molecule
carbaminohemoglobin
135
increased CO2 cause
bronchodilation
136
sympathetic activation of airway cause
bronchodilation
137
parasympathetic activation of airway cause
bronchoconstriction
138
HIstamine released and asthma cause
bronchoconstriction
139
pons center that stimulate inhalation
apneustic center
140
detect CO2 of CSF
central chemorecptors
141
detect pCO2 and pO2 of blood
peripheral chemorecptor
142
inspiratory center for quiet and forced breathing
Dorsal respiratory group
143
pons center that promote exhalation
pneumotaxic center
144
metabolic activity within cells
cellular respiration
145
exchange of gas in alveoli
external respiration
146
exchange of gas in peripheral cells
internal respiration
147
abnormally low respiration rate
hypoventilation
148
increased in arterial pCO2
hypercapnia
149
abnormally low pCO2
hypocapnia
150
excessive ventilation
hyperventilation
151
deep breathing will lead to
decreased BP
152
Reflex involved in forced breathing
Hering-Breuer Reflexes
1. inflation reflex
2. deflation reflex
153
prevents overexpansion of lungs
inflation reflex
154
stimulate inspiratory center during lung deflation
deflation reflex
155
a period of suspended respiratory normally followed by forceful expulsion of air to remove offending stimulus
apnea
156
temporarily closes airway to prevent foreign objects, chemical irritants, or fluids from entering
laryngeal spasm
