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BIO 169 > Chapter 23 Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 23 Respiratory System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the primary pathway for energy production

A

aerobic

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2
Q

what does aerobic metabolism require

A

oxygen

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3
Q

what aerobic metabolism produce

A

carbon dioxide

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4
Q

where is oxygen obtained

A

air

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5
Q

O2 ________ across surfaces in lungs

A

diffuses

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6
Q

O2 is transported from ________ to peripheral

A

lungs

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7
Q

O2 is transported from lungs to ________ _________.

A

peripheral tissue

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8
Q

CO2 is transported from __________ _________ to lungs

A

peripheral tissue

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9
Q

CO2 is transported from peripheral tissues to _________

A

lungs

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10
Q

Increase in _______ make our pH go down and turn to acidosis

A

CO2

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11
Q

Increase in CO2 makes our ______ go down and turn into acidosis

A

pH

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12
Q

Increase in CO2 makes our pH go down and turn into ________ .

A

acidosis

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13
Q

where does gas exchange take place?

A

lungs

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14
Q

what is the function of the respiratory system

A
  1. provide surface area for gas exchange
  2. move air to and from exchange surface of lungs
  3. protect surfaces from dehydration, temperature change, and pathogen
  4. produce sound
  5. detect odors with olfactory receptor in nasal cavity
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15
Q

respiratory system is divided into how many system?

A

two
1. upper respiratory system (nose nasal cavity, sinuses, and pharynx)
2. lower respiratory system (larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

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16
Q

from nasal cavity to larger bronchioles

A

conducting portion

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17
Q

smallest respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

A

respiratory portion

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18
Q

air filled pockets with lungs, where all gas exchange takes place

A

alveoli

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19
Q

exchange of gas

A

respiration

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20
Q

a series of filtration mechanisms, removes particles and pathogens from inhaled air

A

respiratory defense system

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21
Q

found in lining of upper respiratory (nasal cavity and superior pharynx)

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial

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22
Q

has stratified squamous epithelium found in what portion of the respiratory tract

A

inferior pharynx

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23
Q

what in the nasal cavity removes large particles?

A

filtration

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24
Q

what sweeps mucus and trapped debris and microorganisms towards pharynx to be swallowed

A

cilia

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25
Q

engulf small particles that reach lungs

A

alveolar macrophages

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26
Q

the primary passageway for air entering respiratory system

A

nose

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27
Q

where does air enter through

A

nostril (nares)

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28
Q

once air enters the nostril where does it pass next?

A

nasal vestibule (space contain within flexible tissues of nose)

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29
Q

found in epithelium of vestibule and traps large particle in air

A

nasal hair

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30
Q

what does the upper respiratory system made of

A
  1. nose (nostril, nasal vestibule, nasal hair)
  2. nasal cavity
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31
Q

what divides the nasal cavity into left and right sides

A

nasal septum

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32
Q

superior portion of nasal cavity

A

olfactory region

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33
Q

produced in paranasal sinuses and tears to clean and moisten cavity

A

mucus

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34
Q

narrow passageways that produce air turbulence to trap particles in mucus, warm humidified incoming air and bring olfactory stimuli to olfactory receptors

A

meatuses

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35
Q

how many meatuses does air flow through?

A

three
1. inferior meatus
2. middle meatus
3. superior meatus

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36
Q

forms floor of nasal cavity and separate nasal and oral cavities

A

hard palate (front)

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37
Q

extends posterior to hard palate and divides superior nasopharynx from rest of pharynx

A

soft palate (back)

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38
Q

a chamber shared by digestive and respiratory systems and extends between posterior nasal cavity and entrances to larynx and esophagus

A

pharynx

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39
Q

the pharynx is divided into what three part

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. laryngopharynx
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40
Q

superior part of pharynx

A

nasopharynx

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41
Q

contains opening of tonsil and pharyngeal of auditory tubes

A

nasal pharynx

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42
Q

connects directly to oral cavity

A

oropharynx

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43
Q

inferior portion of pharynx, between hyoid bone and entrance of larynx and esophagus

A

laryngopharynx

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44
Q

slit-like opening between vocal chords

A

glottis

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45
Q

what three cartilage form the larynx?

A
  1. thyroid cartilage
  2. cricoid cartilage
  3. epiglottis
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46
Q

anterior surface forms adam’s apple

A

laryngeal prominence

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47
Q

open and close glottis and produce sound

A

corniculate and arytenoid cartilage

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48
Q

forms posterior portion of larynx

A

cricoid cartilage

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49
Q

cricoid cartilage use what to articulate

A

arytenoid cartilage

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50
Q

elastic cartilage that covers glottis when swallowing

A

epiglottis

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51
Q

during swallowing larynx is _______ .

A

elevated

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52
Q

what prevents food and liquid from entering respiratory tract?

A

epiglottis folds back over glottis

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53
Q

what passes through glottis vibrates vocal folds to produce sound wave

A

air

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54
Q

what reposition arytenoid cartilage to control tension of vocal folds to alter pitch of sound

A

voluntary muscle

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55
Q

tough, flexible tube that extends from cricoid cartilage to mediastinum and branches off into right and left main bronchi

A

trachea

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56
Q

thick layer of connective tissue in the trachea that contains tracheal glands that produce mucous secretions

A

submucosa

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57
Q

how many cartilage does the trachea have?

A

15-20 C-shaped tracheal cartilages

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58
Q

as the bronchial tree becomes smaller what happens?

A

it has less cartilage and more smooth muscle

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59
Q

bronchioles branches from ____________

A

segmental bronchus branches

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60
Q

bronchioles branches into ________

A

terminal branchioles

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61
Q

are dominated by smooth muscles

A

bronchioles

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62
Q

what controls luminal diameter of bronchioles by regulating smooth muscles and control air flows in lungs

A

autonomic nervous system

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63
Q

enlarge luminal diameter by sympathetic activation to reduce resistance in airflow

A

bronchodilation

64
Q

reduce luminal diameter by parasympathetic activation

A

bronchoconstriction

65
Q

excessive stimulation of smooth muscle causing severe bronchoconstriction

A

asthma

66
Q

what are bronchioles connected to

A

alveolar ducts

67
Q

where does alveolar duct end

A

alveolar sacs

68
Q

what are alveolus surrounded by?

A

elastic fibers

69
Q

alveolar has what type of epithelium?

A

simple squamous epithelium

70
Q

what are alveolar cell layer formed by

A

thin, delicate pneumocytes type I

71
Q

pneumocyte type II produce what

A

suffactant

72
Q

keep alveoli from collapsing by coating surface and reducing tension

A

suffactant

73
Q

oily secretion containing phospholipid and protein

A

surfactant

74
Q

alveoli collapse after each inhalation caused by an inadequate amount of surfactant due to injury or genetic abnormalities

A

respiration distress syndrome

75
Q

where does gas exchange occur in alveoli?

A

blood air barrier

76
Q

blood air barrier layers

A
  1. alveolar cell layer
  2. capillary endothelial layer
  3. fused basement membrane between them
77
Q

why is gas exchange quick and efficient

A

distance for diffusion is short

78
Q

O2 and CO2 are small and _____ ______

A

lipid soluble

79
Q

O2 and CO2 are ______ and lipid soluble

A

small

80
Q

lobes of lungs are separated by _______ ________

A

deep fissure

81
Q

divided into lobes (superior, middle, and inferior) and wider. also displaced upward by liver

A

right lung

82
Q

has two lobes (superior and inferior) and longer. also indented on medial margin

A

left lung

83
Q

indented medial margin of lungs

A

cardiac notch

84
Q

where pulmonary vessel, nerve and lymphatic enter lung

A

hilum

85
Q

complex of dense connective tissue, nerve, and vessel in hilum

A

root of the lung

86
Q

fibrous partition in the lungs that contain elastic fibers, smooth muscle, and lymphatic vessel

A

trabeculae

87
Q

divided by the finest partitions (interlobular septa)

A

pulmonary lobules

88
Q

oxygen rich blood is carried to pulmonary veins to which atrium?

A

left

89
Q

bronchi has own vasculature system branching off of what?

A

aortic arch

90
Q

blood pressure in Pulmonary circuit is ____ than systemic circuit

A

lower

91
Q

pulmonary vessels are easily blocked by

A

blood clots, fat, or air bubble

92
Q

a blocked branch of pulmonary artery that stops blood flow to lobules or alveoli

A

pulmonary embolism

93
Q

all exchange of O2 and CO2 with external environment

A

external respiration (done in lungs)

94
Q

Uptake of O2 and release of CO2 by cells as a result of cellular respiration

A

internal respiration (done in tissue)

95
Q

breathing; physical movement of air into and out of respiratory tract

A

pulmonary ventilation

96
Q

ability to produce ATP

A

cellular respiration

97
Q

impaired exchange of gases at lung (external respiration) interferes with ability to produce ATP (cellular respiration) resulting in low oxygen level

A

hypoxia

98
Q

complete lack of oxygen in tissue

A

anoxia

99
Q

weight of earth’s atmosphere-force of air on surface due to gravity

A

atmosphere pressure (atm)

100
Q

defines the relationship between gas pressure and volume

A

boyle’s law
volume increase; pressure decreases
volume decrease; pressure increase

101
Q

external pressure forces molecules ____ together

A

closer

102
Q

air flow from an area of ___ pressure to ____pressure

A

high, low

103
Q

1 inspiration (inhalation) and one expiration (exhalation)

A

respiratory cycle

104
Q

volume changes creates _____ change

A

pressure

105
Q

respiratory muscle

A

diaphragm and external intercostal muscle

106
Q

inhalation is always _____

A

active

107
Q

exhalation can be

A

active or passive

108
Q

when diaphragm relax what happens to lungs

A

they deflate

109
Q

when diaphragm contracts what happens?

A

draws air into lungs (75% of air movement)

110
Q

assist in inhalation

A

external intercostal muscle (25% of air movement)

111
Q

internal intercostal muscle and transverse thoracic ______the ribs

A

depress

112
Q

abdominal muscles ____ the abdomen forcing diaphragm upward

A

compress

113
Q

when the diaphragm relaxes, the rig cage returns to its original position, the volume of the thoracic ______

A

decrease

114
Q

when lungs decrease, pressure _____

A

increase

115
Q

when pressure increase, air_____

A

move out

116
Q

force breathing involving active inhalation and exhalation

A

hyperpnea

117
Q

quiet breathing involves active inhalation and passive exhalation

A

eupnea

118
Q

when muscles of inhalation relax, elastic components of tissue recoil, and the diaphragm and rib cage return to their original positions.

A

elastic rebound

119
Q

atmospheric pressure

A

1 atm= 760 mm Hg

120
Q

pressure within lungs

A

intrapulmonary pressure (intra-alveolar pressure)

121
Q

factors that affect ventilation function

A
  1. resistance (bronchodilator and bronchoconstriction)
  2. compliance (expandability of lungs)
122
Q

number if breaths per minute

A

respiratory rate

123
Q

amount of air moved per breath

A

tidal wave

124
Q

amount of air moved per minute

A

respiratory minute volume
calculated by taking respiratory rate x tidal volume

125
Q

The partial pressure is proportional to its percent presence in the air or gas partial pressure and atmospheric concentration

A

Dalton’s Law

126
Q

Pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture

A

Partial pressure

127
Q

partial pressure and gas concentration in a solution

A

Henry’s Law

128
Q

Gas arriving in pulmonary artery have

A

low pO2
high pCO2

129
Q

O2 binds to iron ions in hemoglobin (Hb) molecules

A

oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)

130
Q

factors affecting Hb saturation

A

increase in CO2
Increase in Tempurature
Increase in H+

131
Q

effect of pH on hemoglobin-O2 saturation

A

Bohr’s effect

132
Q

70% of CO2 is transported as

A

Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)

133
Q

bicarbonate ions move into plasma in exchange for CL- ions

A

chloride shift

134
Q

CO2 bound to protein portion of Hb molecule

A

carbaminohemoglobin

135
Q

increased CO2 cause

A

bronchodilation

136
Q

sympathetic activation of airway cause

A

bronchodilation

137
Q

parasympathetic activation of airway cause

A

bronchoconstriction

138
Q

HIstamine released and asthma cause

A

bronchoconstriction

139
Q

pons center that stimulate inhalation

A

apneustic center

140
Q

detect CO2 of CSF

A

central chemorecptors

141
Q

detect pCO2 and pO2 of blood

A

peripheral chemorecptor

142
Q

inspiratory center for quiet and forced breathing

A

Dorsal respiratory group

143
Q

pons center that promote exhalation

A

pneumotaxic center

144
Q

metabolic activity within cells

A

cellular respiration

145
Q

exchange of gas in alveoli

A

external respiration

146
Q

exchange of gas in peripheral cells

A

internal respiration

147
Q

abnormally low respiration rate

A

hypoventilation

148
Q

increased in arterial pCO2

A

hypercapnia

149
Q

abnormally low pCO2

A

hypocapnia

150
Q

excessive ventilation

A

hyperventilation

151
Q

deep breathing will lead to

A

decreased BP

152
Q

Reflex involved in forced breathing

A

Hering-Breuer Reflexes
1. inflation reflex
2. deflation reflex

153
Q

prevents overexpansion of lungs

A

inflation reflex

154
Q

stimulate inspiratory center during lung deflation

A

deflation reflex

155
Q

a period of suspended respiratory normally followed by forceful expulsion of air to remove offending stimulus

A

apnea

156
Q

temporarily closes airway to prevent foreign objects, chemical irritants, or fluids from entering

A

laryngeal spasm

BIO 169 (8 decks)

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