Chapter 23 Respiratory System Flashcards
what is the primary pathway for energy production
aerobic
what does aerobic metabolism require
oxygen
what aerobic metabolism produce
carbon dioxide
where is oxygen obtained
air
O2 ________ across surfaces in lungs
diffuses
O2 is transported from ________ to peripheral
lungs
O2 is transported from lungs to ________ _________.
peripheral tissue
CO2 is transported from __________ _________ to lungs
peripheral tissue
CO2 is transported from peripheral tissues to _________
lungs
Increase in _______ make our pH go down and turn to acidosis
CO2
Increase in CO2 makes our ______ go down and turn into acidosis
pH
Increase in CO2 makes our pH go down and turn into ________ .
acidosis
where does gas exchange take place?
lungs
what is the function of the respiratory system
- provide surface area for gas exchange
- move air to and from exchange surface of lungs
- protect surfaces from dehydration, temperature change, and pathogen
- produce sound
- detect odors with olfactory receptor in nasal cavity
respiratory system is divided into how many system?
two
1. upper respiratory system (nose nasal cavity, sinuses, and pharynx)
2. lower respiratory system (larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
from nasal cavity to larger bronchioles
conducting portion
smallest respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
respiratory portion
air filled pockets with lungs, where all gas exchange takes place
alveoli
exchange of gas
respiration
a series of filtration mechanisms, removes particles and pathogens from inhaled air
respiratory defense system
found in lining of upper respiratory (nasal cavity and superior pharynx)
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial
has stratified squamous epithelium found in what portion of the respiratory tract
inferior pharynx
what in the nasal cavity removes large particles?
filtration
what sweeps mucus and trapped debris and microorganisms towards pharynx to be swallowed
cilia
engulf small particles that reach lungs
alveolar macrophages
the primary passageway for air entering respiratory system
nose
where does air enter through
nostril (nares)
once air enters the nostril where does it pass next?
nasal vestibule (space contain within flexible tissues of nose)
found in epithelium of vestibule and traps large particle in air
nasal hair
what does the upper respiratory system made of
- nose (nostril, nasal vestibule, nasal hair)
- nasal cavity
what divides the nasal cavity into left and right sides
nasal septum
superior portion of nasal cavity
olfactory region
produced in paranasal sinuses and tears to clean and moisten cavity
mucus
narrow passageways that produce air turbulence to trap particles in mucus, warm humidified incoming air and bring olfactory stimuli to olfactory receptors
meatuses
how many meatuses does air flow through?
three
1. inferior meatus
2. middle meatus
3. superior meatus
forms floor of nasal cavity and separate nasal and oral cavities
hard palate (front)
extends posterior to hard palate and divides superior nasopharynx from rest of pharynx
soft palate (back)
a chamber shared by digestive and respiratory systems and extends between posterior nasal cavity and entrances to larynx and esophagus
pharynx
the pharynx is divided into what three part
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
superior part of pharynx
nasopharynx
contains opening of tonsil and pharyngeal of auditory tubes
nasal pharynx
connects directly to oral cavity
oropharynx
inferior portion of pharynx, between hyoid bone and entrance of larynx and esophagus
laryngopharynx
slit-like opening between vocal chords
glottis
what three cartilage form the larynx?
- thyroid cartilage
- cricoid cartilage
- epiglottis
anterior surface forms adam’s apple
laryngeal prominence
open and close glottis and produce sound
corniculate and arytenoid cartilage
forms posterior portion of larynx
cricoid cartilage
cricoid cartilage use what to articulate
arytenoid cartilage
elastic cartilage that covers glottis when swallowing
epiglottis
during swallowing larynx is _______ .
elevated
what prevents food and liquid from entering respiratory tract?
epiglottis folds back over glottis
what passes through glottis vibrates vocal folds to produce sound wave
air
what reposition arytenoid cartilage to control tension of vocal folds to alter pitch of sound
voluntary muscle
tough, flexible tube that extends from cricoid cartilage to mediastinum and branches off into right and left main bronchi
trachea
thick layer of connective tissue in the trachea that contains tracheal glands that produce mucous secretions
submucosa
how many cartilage does the trachea have?
15-20 C-shaped tracheal cartilages
as the bronchial tree becomes smaller what happens?
it has less cartilage and more smooth muscle
bronchioles branches from ____________
segmental bronchus branches
bronchioles branches into ________
terminal branchioles
are dominated by smooth muscles
bronchioles
what controls luminal diameter of bronchioles by regulating smooth muscles and control air flows in lungs
autonomic nervous system
enlarge luminal diameter by sympathetic activation to reduce resistance in airflow
bronchodilation
reduce luminal diameter by parasympathetic activation
bronchoconstriction
excessive stimulation of smooth muscle causing severe bronchoconstriction
asthma
what are bronchioles connected to
alveolar ducts
where does alveolar duct end
alveolar sacs
what are alveolus surrounded by?
elastic fibers
alveolar has what type of epithelium?
simple squamous epithelium
what are alveolar cell layer formed by
thin, delicate pneumocytes type I
pneumocyte type II produce what
suffactant
keep alveoli from collapsing by coating surface and reducing tension
suffactant
oily secretion containing phospholipid and protein
surfactant
alveoli collapse after each inhalation caused by an inadequate amount of surfactant due to injury or genetic abnormalities
respiration distress syndrome
where does gas exchange occur in alveoli?
blood air barrier
blood air barrier layers
- alveolar cell layer
- capillary endothelial layer
- fused basement membrane between them
why is gas exchange quick and efficient
distance for diffusion is short
O2 and CO2 are small and _____ ______
lipid soluble
O2 and CO2 are ______ and lipid soluble
small
lobes of lungs are separated by _______ ________
deep fissure
divided into lobes (superior, middle, and inferior) and wider. also displaced upward by liver
right lung
has two lobes (superior and inferior) and longer. also indented on medial margin
left lung
indented medial margin of lungs
cardiac notch
where pulmonary vessel, nerve and lymphatic enter lung
hilum
complex of dense connective tissue, nerve, and vessel in hilum
root of the lung
fibrous partition in the lungs that contain elastic fibers, smooth muscle, and lymphatic vessel
trabeculae
divided by the finest partitions (interlobular septa)
pulmonary lobules
oxygen rich blood is carried to pulmonary veins to which atrium?
left
bronchi has own vasculature system branching off of what?
aortic arch
blood pressure in Pulmonary circuit is ____ than systemic circuit
lower
pulmonary vessels are easily blocked by
blood clots, fat, or air bubble
a blocked branch of pulmonary artery that stops blood flow to lobules or alveoli
pulmonary embolism
all exchange of O2 and CO2 with external environment
external respiration (done in lungs)
Uptake of O2 and release of CO2 by cells as a result of cellular respiration
internal respiration (done in tissue)
breathing; physical movement of air into and out of respiratory tract
pulmonary ventilation
ability to produce ATP
cellular respiration
impaired exchange of gases at lung (external respiration) interferes with ability to produce ATP (cellular respiration) resulting in low oxygen level
hypoxia
complete lack of oxygen in tissue
anoxia
weight of earth’s atmosphere-force of air on surface due to gravity
atmosphere pressure (atm)
defines the relationship between gas pressure and volume
boyle’s law
volume increase; pressure decreases
volume decrease; pressure increase
external pressure forces molecules ____ together
closer
air flow from an area of ___ pressure to ____pressure
high, low
1 inspiration (inhalation) and one expiration (exhalation)
respiratory cycle
volume changes creates _____ change
pressure
respiratory muscle
diaphragm and external intercostal muscle
inhalation is always _____
active
exhalation can be
active or passive
when diaphragm relax what happens to lungs
they deflate
when diaphragm contracts what happens?
draws air into lungs (75% of air movement)
assist in inhalation
external intercostal muscle (25% of air movement)
internal intercostal muscle and transverse thoracic ______the ribs
depress
abdominal muscles ____ the abdomen forcing diaphragm upward
compress
when the diaphragm relaxes, the rig cage returns to its original position, the volume of the thoracic ______
decrease
when lungs decrease, pressure _____
increase
when pressure increase, air_____
move out
force breathing involving active inhalation and exhalation
hyperpnea
quiet breathing involves active inhalation and passive exhalation
eupnea
when muscles of inhalation relax, elastic components of tissue recoil, and the diaphragm and rib cage return to their original positions.
elastic rebound
atmospheric pressure
1 atm= 760 mm Hg
pressure within lungs
intrapulmonary pressure (intra-alveolar pressure)
factors that affect ventilation function
- resistance (bronchodilator and bronchoconstriction)
- compliance (expandability of lungs)
number if breaths per minute
respiratory rate
amount of air moved per breath
tidal wave
amount of air moved per minute
respiratory minute volume
calculated by taking respiratory rate x tidal volume
The partial pressure is proportional to its percent presence in the air or gas partial pressure and atmospheric concentration
Dalton’s Law
Pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture
Partial pressure
partial pressure and gas concentration in a solution
Henry’s Law
Gas arriving in pulmonary artery have
low pO2
high pCO2
O2 binds to iron ions in hemoglobin (Hb) molecules
oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
factors affecting Hb saturation
increase in CO2
Increase in Tempurature
Increase in H+
effect of pH on hemoglobin-O2 saturation
Bohr’s effect
70% of CO2 is transported as
Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
bicarbonate ions move into plasma in exchange for CL- ions
chloride shift
CO2 bound to protein portion of Hb molecule
carbaminohemoglobin
increased CO2 cause
bronchodilation
sympathetic activation of airway cause
bronchodilation
parasympathetic activation of airway cause
bronchoconstriction
HIstamine released and asthma cause
bronchoconstriction
pons center that stimulate inhalation
apneustic center
detect CO2 of CSF
central chemorecptors
detect pCO2 and pO2 of blood
peripheral chemorecptor
inspiratory center for quiet and forced breathing
Dorsal respiratory group
pons center that promote exhalation
pneumotaxic center
metabolic activity within cells
cellular respiration
exchange of gas in alveoli
external respiration
exchange of gas in peripheral cells
internal respiration
abnormally low respiration rate
hypoventilation
increased in arterial pCO2
hypercapnia
abnormally low pCO2
hypocapnia
excessive ventilation
hyperventilation
deep breathing will lead to
decreased BP
Reflex involved in forced breathing
Hering-Breuer Reflexes
1. inflation reflex
2. deflation reflex
prevents overexpansion of lungs
inflation reflex
stimulate inspiratory center during lung deflation
deflation reflex
a period of suspended respiratory normally followed by forceful expulsion of air to remove offending stimulus
apnea
temporarily closes airway to prevent foreign objects, chemical irritants, or fluids from entering
laryngeal spasm
