Viruses

Question 1

What infectious agents are dependent on host cells?

Answer 1

Prions and viruses

Question 2

What infectious agents are independent of host cells?

Which are prokaryotes? Unicellular/multicellular eukaryotes?

Answer 2

Prokaryotes: Bacteria, mycobacteria

Eukaryotes:
Unicellular - Fungi, protozoa
Multicellular - parasites

Question 3

Are fungi unicellular or multicellular? Protozoa?

Answer 3

Both are unicellular

Question 4

Which infectious organisms primarily incite a lymphocytic inflammatory reaction?

Answer 4

Viruses, protozoans

Question 5

Which infectious organisms primarily incite a granulomatous inflammatory rxn?

Answer 5

Mycobacteria, fungi

Question 6

What infectious organisms primarily incite a granulocytic/pyogenic inflammatory rxn?

Answer 6

Bacteria

Question 7

What infectious organisms primarily incite an eosinophilic inflammatory reaction?

Answer 7

Multicellular parasites

Question 8

What two things can shift the equilibrium of the symbiosis of our microbiome?

Answer 8

1. host immunodeficiency

2. changes in composition of microbiome (pathogens or antibiotics)

Question 9

Property of infectious agent that reflects disease producing potential

Answer 9

Virulence

Question 10

movement of organisms from one usually isolated ecosystem to a new ecosystem

Answer 10

Emerging infections

Question 11

What are the routes bugs take to infect the host?

Answer 11

Inhalation, ingestion, injection (blood stream), sexual transmission, direct contact w/ skin

Question 12

What are the routes bugs take to infect the blood stream?

Answer 12

Insect vectors, injection (drug abuse or iatrogenic), sepsis

Question 13

What would infection/inflammation of gallbladder be called? Bladder?

Answer 13

Gallbladder - cholecystitis

Bladder - cystitis

Question 14

What is general infection/inflammation of GI tract called?

Answer 14

Gastroenteritis

Question 15

What is a localized infection called?

Answer 15

Abscess/Granuloma

Question 16

No nucleic acid, protein only, subverts host protein

Answer 16

Prion

Question 17

Contains DNA or RNA, lmtd # of structural and enzymatic proteins, uses host machinery for replication

Answer 17

Virus

Question 18

What are the structural proteins of a virus for?

Answer 18

Viral capsule, Usually for cell targeting and stabilization of nucleic acid

Question 19

What is the viral trophism (what cells do viruses prefer to infect)?

Answer 19

Host cells that are targeted depend on presence of viral receptors – subversion of normal cell receptors

Question 20

T or F. Viruses have organelles.

Answer 20

False

Question 21

What is the size range for viruses?

Answer 21

20 - 300 nm

Question 22

What types of enzymes do viruses generally have (2 broad types?

Answer 22

Polymerases, proteases

Question 23

What ability allows RNA viruses to evade host humoral responses and vaccines?

Answer 23

Rapid antigen drift

Question 24

What is an inclusion? Where does it occur?

Answer 24

Area of viral replication inside of the cell - can occur in the nucleus or the cytoplasm

Question 25

What are the 3 ways viruses produce disease?

Answer 25

1. Direct cytopathic effects 2. Anti-viral immune rxns - CTLs kill infected cells 3. Transformation of host cell to neoplasm

Question 26

What direct cytopathic effects can viruses have?

Answer 26

apoptosis, shut off host protein synthesis

Question 27

How do viruses transform host cell into neoplasm?

Answer 27

Stimulate cell growth and division, Inactivate tumor suppressors and mitotic check points, Insertional mutagenesis

Question 28

What viruses cause respiratory infections

Answer 28

influenza, rhinovirus

Question 29

What viruses cause gastrointestinal infections?

Answer 29

Norovirus, rotavirus, EBV (mononucleosis, B-cell lymphoma), hepatitis A

Question 30

What viruses infect blood stream?

Answer 30

Arbovirus (West Nile), HIV

Question 31

What viruses are sexually transmitted?

Answer 31

Herpes simplex, papillomavirus (genital warts, squamous carcinoma), HIV

Question 32

Where in the cell do most RNA viruses replicate?

Answer 32

Cytoplasm

Question 33

_____ strand is translated in RNA viruses.

Answer 33

Positive

Question 34

direct translation but to produce more RNA complementary RNA must serve as template for RNA production by viral polymerase

Answer 34

Single strand positive

Question 35

cRNA must be produced for translation but the negative strand can serve as template for polymerase

Answer 35

Single strand negative

Question 36

What type of virus has reverse transcriptase which produces DNA which may be inserted in to host genome?

Answer 36

Retroviruses

Question 37

What RNA viruses cause exanthemas (viral rashes + systemic symptoms)?

Answer 37

Measles (Rubeola), mumps

Question 38

What RNA viruses cause gastroenteritis?

Answer 38

Norwalk, rotavirus

Question 39

What RNA viruses cause viral hemorrhagic fevers?

Answer 39

Ebola, yellow fever, Marburg

Question 40

Rabies: DNA or RNA virus?

Answer 40

RNA

Question 41

HIV: DNA or RNA virus?

Answer 41

RNA

Question 42

Where in the cell do most DNA viruses replicate?

Answer 42

Nucleus

Question 43

T or F. DNA viruses have more antigenic drift than RNA viruses.

Answer 43

False

Question 44

DNA or RNA virus? Adenovirus

Answer 44

DNA

Question 45

DNA or RNA virus? Smallpox

Answer 45

DNA

Question 46

DNA or RNA virus? Herpes simplex (HSV)

Answer 46

DNA

Question 47

DNA or RNA virus? Herpes zoster (HZV)

Answer 47

DNA

Question 48

DNA or RNA virus? EBV

Answer 48

DNA

Question 49

DNA or RNA virus? HPV

Answer 49

DNA

Question 50

What diseases can herpes zoster (HZV) cause?

Answer 50

chickenpox, Shingles