Hemodynamics I Flashcards
What is excess fluid in interstitial spaces called? Excess fluid in body cavities?
Interstitial spaces - edema
Body cavities - effusions
What is another term for pleural effusion?
Hydrothorax
What 5 factors lead to edema?
- Increased hydrostatic pressure
- Decreased oncotic pressure
- Lymphatic obstruction
- Sodium (water) retention
- Inflammation
What is the medical term for a generalized, total body edema?
Anasarca
What is the medical term for swelling caused by obstruction of lymphatics (often as a result of infection)?
Lymphedema
What is the term for increased arterial blood flow to an area? Is it an active or passive process?
Hyperemia - active
What is the term for decreased venous flow from an area? Active or passive process?
Congestion - passive
What are heart failure cells? What color do they stain and why?
Macrophages that have picked up breakdown products of RBCs. Since the RBCs are dead, they release hemoglobin which is brown
What is the term for blood outside of blood vessels?
Hemorrhage
What is the term for mass-like collection of blood?
Hematoma
- Small amt of blood in skin
- Medium amt
- Large amt
- Petechiae
- Purpura
- Ecchymosis
What is the term for blood in joint space?
Hemarthrosis
What substance/protein holds together a platelet adhesion?
Fibrinogen
What local effectors do endothelial cells release to inhibit activated platelets? To produce anticoagulant effect? To produce fibrinolytic effect?
Inhibit platelets - PGI2 (prostacyclin) and NO
Anticoagulant - Heparin-like molecules
Fibrinolytic - tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA)
What local effector do endothelial cells synthesize to create a procoagulant effect? Antifibrinolytic effect?
Procoagulant - Tissue factor - major activator of extrinsic clotting cascade
Antifibrinolytic - inhibitors of plasminogen activator
How do the following inhibit clotting?
- ADPase
- Thrombomodulin
- Proteins C&S
- Inhibits platelet aggregation
- Binds thrombin
- Cleave factor Va and VIIIa complex
Where are platelets formed and from what cell?
Bone marrow, from megakaryocytes
What are the two types of cytoplasmic granules that platelets have? What do each contain?
- Alpha granules - adhesion molecule P-selectin, fibrinogen, fibronectin, factors V and VIII
- Dense or delta granules - ADP/ATP, ionized Ca2+, histamine, serotonin, epinephrine
Alterations in what glycoproteins increase platelets’ affinity for fibrinogen?
IIb/IIIa
What two local effectors amplify platelet aggregation which leads to formation of primary hemostatic plug?
ADP and vasoconstrictor thromboxane A2
What local effector converts fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin, creating the secondary hemostatic plug?
Thrombin
What is low platelet count called?
Thrombocytopenia
What do the following lab tests reveal about platelets?
- CBC
- Flow cytometry
- Electron microscopy
- Platelet count
- Platelet glycoproteins
- Morphologic abnormalities
