Hemodynamics I

Question 1

What is excess fluid in interstitial spaces called? Excess fluid in body cavities?

Answer 1

Interstitial spaces - edema

Body cavities - effusions

Question 2

What is another term for pleural effusion?

Answer 2

Hydrothorax

Question 3

What 5 factors lead to edema?

Answer 3

1. Increased hydrostatic pressure
2. Decreased oncotic pressure
3. Lymphatic obstruction
4. Sodium (water) retention
5. Inflammation

Question 4

What is the medical term for a generalized, total body edema?

Answer 4

Anasarca

Question 5

What is the medical term for swelling caused by obstruction of lymphatics (often as a result of infection)?

Answer 5

Lymphedema

Question 6

What is the term for increased arterial blood flow to an area? Is it an active or passive process?

Answer 6

Hyperemia - active

Question 7

What is the term for decreased venous flow from an area? Active or passive process?

Answer 7

Congestion - passive

Question 8

What are heart failure cells? What color do they stain and why?

Answer 8

Macrophages that have picked up breakdown products of RBCs. Since the RBCs are dead, they release hemoglobin which is brown

Question 9

What is the term for blood outside of blood vessels?

Answer 9

Hemorrhage

Question 10

What is the term for mass-like collection of blood?

Answer 10

Hematoma

Question 11

1. Small amt of blood in skin
2. Medium amt
3. Large amt

Answer 11

1. Petechiae
2. Purpura
3. Ecchymosis

Question 12

What is the term for blood in joint space?

Answer 12

Hemarthrosis

Question 13

What substance/protein holds together a platelet adhesion?

Answer 13

Fibrinogen

Question 14

What local effectors do endothelial cells release to inhibit activated platelets? To produce anticoagulant effect? To produce fibrinolytic effect?

Answer 14

Inhibit platelets - PGI2 (prostacyclin) and NO

Anticoagulant - Heparin-like molecules

Fibrinolytic - tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA)

Question 15

What local effector do endothelial cells synthesize to create a procoagulant effect? Antifibrinolytic effect?

Answer 15

Procoagulant - Tissue factor - major activator of extrinsic clotting cascade

Antifibrinolytic - inhibitors of plasminogen activator

Question 16

How do the following inhibit clotting?

1. ADPase
2. Thrombomodulin
3. Proteins C&S

Answer 16

1. Inhibits platelet aggregation
2. Binds thrombin
3. Cleave factor Va and VIIIa complex

Question 17

Where are platelets formed and from what cell?

Answer 17

Bone marrow, from megakaryocytes

Question 18

What are the two types of cytoplasmic granules that platelets have? What do each contain?

Answer 18

1. Alpha granules - adhesion molecule P-selectin, fibrinogen, fibronectin, factors V and VIII
2. Dense or delta granules - ADP/ATP, ionized Ca2+, histamine, serotonin, epinephrine

Question 19

Alterations in what glycoproteins increase platelets’ affinity for fibrinogen?

Answer 19

IIb/IIIa

Question 20

What two local effectors amplify platelet aggregation which leads to formation of primary hemostatic plug?

Answer 20

ADP and vasoconstrictor thromboxane A2

Question 21

What local effector converts fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin, creating the secondary hemostatic plug?

Answer 21

Thrombin

Question 22

What is low platelet count called?

Answer 22

Thrombocytopenia

Question 23

What do the following lab tests reveal about platelets?

1. CBC
2. Flow cytometry
3. Electron microscopy

Answer 23

1. Platelet count
2. Platelet glycoproteins
3. Morphologic abnormalities