Inflammation & Repair Flashcards
Name 4 stimuli for acute inflammation.
Infections (viral, bacterial, etc.)
Tissue necrosis
Foreign bodies (trauma)
Autoimmune rxns
What vascular changes happen with acute inflammation? (3 of the cardinal signs)
- Rubor (redness) - increased blood flow
- Calor (warmth) - increased blood flow
- Tumor (swelling) - edema caused by increased vascular permeability
What happens to hydrostatic and osmotic pressure in blood vessels during inflammation?
Increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased osmotic pressure –> leakage across vessels
What is transudate? Exudate? (clinical terms for fluid collections outside blood vessels)
Transudate - fluid only (low protein, low specific gravity, few inflamm cells)
Exudate - high protein, high specific gravity, many inflammatory cells
What is transcytosis? What increases this?
Increased transport of fluids across cells
VEGF - vascular endothelial growth factor
What molecules do neutrophils use when rolling for weak attachment? What are these molecules upregulated by?
Selectins which are upregulated by cytokines TNF and IL-1
What molecules do neutrophils use during adhesion for strong attachment?
Integrins and CD44
Define diapedesis.
Transmigration of neutrophils across blood vessels
What molecules do neutrophils use during phagocytosis?
Opsonins
What molecules do neutrophils use to kill?
Leukocyte enzymes, oxygen radicals
What does leukocyte adhesion deficiency type I involve?
Defect in biosynthesis of beta-2 chain on integrins
What molecules does leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 2 involve defects in?
Defects in E and P selectins
Chediak-Higashi syndrome
Defective fusion of phagosomes and lysosomes Autosomal recessive Susceptible to infections, albinism, nerve defects, platelet defects
Chromic granulomatous disease (CGD)
Defects in gene that codes components of phagocyte oxidase - can’t make superoxide Defects in bacterial killing and recurrent infections X-linked
What vasoactive amine is a link between clotting and inflammation and is a key component in coagulation?
Serotonin
What are the broad classes of anti-inflammatory drugs?
- Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors - inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 which inhibits prostaglandin synthesis
- Lipooxygenase (LOX) inhibitors - inhibit leukotriene production or block leukotriene receptors
What cytokines induce endothelial adhesion molecules?
TNF and IL-1
What are the three types of nitrous oxide? What does it do?
Endothelial, neuronal, inducible Promotes vasodilation and inhibits inflammatory responses
How does inflammation get turned off? (3 ways)
- Short half life for inflammatory mediators. 2. Production of lipoxins 3. Production of TGFbeta
4 outcomes of acute inflammation.
- Resolves completely - regeneration 2. Localizes - abscesses form 3. Heal w/ scarring 4. Progress to chronic inflamm
What types of cells dominate in acute inflamm? Chronic?
Acute - neutrophils
Chronic - “mononuclear” lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages/histiocytes
What types of macrophages dominate in the following: Liver Lymph nodes Lungs CNS
Liver - Kupfer cells LNs - sinus histiocytes Lungs - alveolar macrophages CNS - microglia
What is granulomatous inflammation? Is it an acute or chronic inflammation?
Focal collection of “epitheliod” histiocytes - histiocytes that have been activated - large w/ abundant pink cytoplasm that looks like epithelial cells
Type of chronic inflammation
What type of necrosis can be seen with granulomatous inflammation?
Caseous
