Hemodynamics III

Question 1

Define embolus.

Answer 1

Detached intravascular mass (solid, liquid, or gas) that is carried to site distant from its origin.

Question 2

Define pulmonary thromboembolism.

Answer 2

Clot in lungs, usually from leg veins

Question 3

Define saddle embolus.

Answer 3

Embolus that straddles bifurcation of main pulmonary artery - causes sudden death

Question 4

Define paradoxical embolus.

Answer 4

Clot from venous circulation ends up in arterial circulation through a shunt in heart.

Question 5

Define fat embolus.

Answer 5

Fat globule –> lungs, usually from bone fracture

Question 6

Define air embolus.

Answer 6

Gas bubble that obstructs vessel.

Question 7

Define amniotic fluid embolus.

Answer 7

Tear in placental membranes and uterine veins

Question 8

Define infarction.

Answer 8

Area of coagulative necrosis as a result of ischemia from decreased blood flow.

Question 9

Define red infarct and white/pale infarct.

Which one occurs in organs w/ double blood flow?

Answer 9

Red - hemorrhagic (venous obstruction)
White/pale - arterial occlusion

Red - organs w/ double blood flow

Question 10

Define shock. What are the three mechanisms of shock?

Answer 10

Inadequate perfusion to tissues

1. Cardiogenic - heart failure
2. Hypovolemia - blood loss
3. Sepsis - vasodilation due to endotoxins

Question 11

What are the three clinical stages of shock?

Answer 11

1. Primary, non-progressive - compensated
2. Progressive - lactic acidosis, renal failure
3. Irreversible - severe organ damage

Question 12

What shock morphology appears in following organs?

1. Heart
2. Kidneys
3. Lung
4. Adrenal glands
5. GI tract
6. Liver

Answer 12

1. Contraction band necrosis - subendocardium
2. Acute tubular necrosis
3. Diffuse alveolar damage (shock lung)
4. Cortical cell lipid depletion
5. Mucosal hemorrhage
6. Fatty change, necrosis