Prokaryotes

Question 1

What are the therapeutic targets of prokaryotes?

Answer 1

1. cell wall
2. DNA replication occurs in cytoplasm using prokaryotic polymerase
3. Transcription and translation occur in cytoplasm (30S/50S ribosome)

Question 2

______ are prokaryotic endosymbiotes.

Answer 2

Mitochondria

Question 3

What color do gram positive bacteria stain

Answer 3

dark blue/purple

Question 4

What color do gram negative bacteria stain?

Answer 4

red/pink

Question 5

Cocci

Answer 5

round in pairs or clusters

Question 6

Bacilli

Answer 6

rod-like

Question 7

Spirochetes

Answer 7

cork-screw

Question 8

Filamentous bacteria

Answer 8

Elongated

Question 9

What bacteria infects cells intracellularly?

Answer 9

Mycobacteria

Question 10

What type of inflammatory host response do most bacteria produce?

Answer 10

Pyogenic

Question 11

What type of inflammatory host response do mycobacteria produce?

Answer 11

Granulomatous

Question 12

What is the primary component of the bacterial cell wall?

Answer 12

Peptidoglycan

Question 13

What molecule is present on the the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and can cause septic shock?

Answer 13

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Question 14

When bacteria adhere to tissues as aggregates, they form _____. What clinical conditions are these often seen in?

Answer 14

Biofilms - dental caries, cardiac valve infections, artificial joint infections

Question 15

Toxins that are a part of the bacteria.

Answer 15

Endotoxin

Question 16

Toxins released by bacteria that may activate or inhibit host signaling pathways.

Answer 16

Exotoxin

Question 17

_______may lead to cytokine overactivity, capillary leak, toxic shock

Answer 17

Superantigens

Question 18

Immune response to bacterial antigens may result in antibodies that cross-react with host tissues. What bug is commonly involved and what diseases does it cause?

Answer 18

Streptococcal - myocarditis and valvular heart disease, glomerulonephritis

Question 19

What mobile genetic elements allow transfer of genetic material between bacteria?

Answer 19

Plasmids and bacteriophages

Question 20

_____ contribute to antibotic resistance and virulence factors of bacteria.

Answer 20

Plasmids

Question 21

What are two fates of a cell once bacteria has infected it intracellularly?

Answer 21

1. Cytotoxic infection - bacteria grows and lyses cell

2. Bacteria inhibits lysosomes/autophagy so it can replicate very slowly in host cell

Question 22

Chronic or indolent infections may have a predominantly _____ and _____ infiltrate.

Answer 22

Lymphocytic and plasma cell

Question 23

What is the prototype disease for mycobacteria?

Answer 23

Tuberculosis

Question 24

What cells do mycobacteria intracellularly infect?

Answer 24

Macrophages - non-cytolytic infection

Question 25

Describe shape/stain of mycobacteria.

Answer 25

Slender, weakly Gram+ rods

Question 26

What stain is preferred for mycobacteria? What color?

Answer 26

Acid-fast bacteria (AFB) - red staining that is resistant to acid treatment due to unique cell wall lipids and glycoproteins

Question 27

T or F. Mycobacteria can remain latent in cells and activate depending on host immune status

Answer 27

T