Cellular Injury Flashcards
What is hydropic change?
Cellular swelling - increased water in cell due to loss of Na pump
What is steatosis?
Fatty change - increased fat in cell due to interference w/ protein/fat metabolism
With hydropic change, are nuclei of cells centered or pushed to side? Fatty change?
Hydropic - centered
Fatty - pushed to side
Name the two types of irreversible cell injury.
Apoptosis, Necrosis
Name 3 physiologic examples of apoptosis.
- Growth plate
- Hematopoietic cell senescence
- GI tract epithelium
Describe how following stages of cell death appear histologically. Karyolysis, pyknosis, karyorrhexis
Karyolysis - paler staining
Pyknosis - shrunken, dark staining
Karyorrhexis - fragmented
What is coagulative necrosis associated with?
Ischemic injury in most tissues
What is liquefactive necrosis associated with?
Brain, abscess
What is caseous necrosis associated with?
Tuberculosis, fungi
What is fat necrosis associated with?
Pancreatitis
What type of necrosis is gangrene?
Coagulative necrosis
What is hypertrophy? Hyperplasia? Atrophy? Metaplasia?
Increase in cell size
Increase in cell number
Decrease in cell size
Change from one adult cell type to another
What are physiologic examples of hypertrophy?
Muscle bulk, uterus during pregnancy
Name 3 things that induce hypertrophy.
- Mechanical sensors
- Growth factors (ex: TFG-beta)
- Vasoactive agents (ex: alpha-adrenergic agonists)
What are physiologic examples of hyperplasia?
Hormonal - increases functional capacity of tissue (prolif of grandular epithelium of female at puberty or pregnancy)
Compensatory - increases tissue mass after damage (liver)
What are pathologic examples of hyperplasia?
Endometrial hyperplasia - unopposed estrogen secretion from ovarian tumor
Tamoxifen therapy for breast cancer
Viral infections - warts
Examples of physiologic atrophy?
Finger and toe dev
Notochord
Examples of pathologic atrophy?
- Decreased workload (bed rest, astronauts)
- Denervation
- Decreased blood supply
- Loss of endocrine stimulation (menopause - loss of estrogen)
- Senile atrophy
- Malnutrition
- Pressure (enlarging benign tumor)
What is cachexia?
Marked muscle loss
What pathway does atrophy occur through?
Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway
Is metaplasia reversible?
Yes
Two common examples of metaplasia.
- Smoking: columnar epithelia–> squamous in respiratory tract
- Acid reflux: squamous mucosa –> glandular epithelium
- Barret esophagus: squamous –> columnar epithelium
What organ undergoes both hypertrophy and hyperplasia?
Uterus during pregnancy
What layer of the blood vessel does cholesterol build up in during atherosclerosis?
Intima
