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Term III: Pathology > Cellular Injury > Flashcards

Cellular Injury Flashcards

1
Q

What is hydropic change?

A

Cellular swelling - increased water in cell due to loss of Na pump

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2
Q

What is steatosis?

A

Fatty change - increased fat in cell due to interference w/ protein/fat metabolism

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3
Q

With hydropic change, are nuclei of cells centered or pushed to side? Fatty change?

A

Hydropic - centered

Fatty - pushed to side

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4
Q

Name the two types of irreversible cell injury.

A

Apoptosis, Necrosis

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5
Q

Name 3 physiologic examples of apoptosis.

A
  1. Growth plate
  2. Hematopoietic cell senescence
  3. GI tract epithelium
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6
Q

Describe how following stages of cell death appear histologically. Karyolysis, pyknosis, karyorrhexis

A

Karyolysis - paler staining
Pyknosis - shrunken, dark staining
Karyorrhexis - fragmented

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7
Q

What is coagulative necrosis associated with?

A

Ischemic injury in most tissues

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8
Q

What is liquefactive necrosis associated with?

A

Brain, abscess

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9
Q

What is caseous necrosis associated with?

A

Tuberculosis, fungi

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10
Q

What is fat necrosis associated with?

A

Pancreatitis

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11
Q

What type of necrosis is gangrene?

A

Coagulative necrosis

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12
Q

What is hypertrophy? Hyperplasia? Atrophy? Metaplasia?

A

Increase in cell size

Increase in cell number

Decrease in cell size

Change from one adult cell type to another

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13
Q

What are physiologic examples of hypertrophy?

A

Muscle bulk, uterus during pregnancy

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14
Q

Name 3 things that induce hypertrophy.

A
  1. Mechanical sensors
  2. Growth factors (ex: TFG-beta)
  3. Vasoactive agents (ex: alpha-adrenergic agonists)
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15
Q

What are physiologic examples of hyperplasia?

A

Hormonal - increases functional capacity of tissue (prolif of grandular epithelium of female at puberty or pregnancy)

Compensatory - increases tissue mass after damage (liver)

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16
Q

What are pathologic examples of hyperplasia?

A

Endometrial hyperplasia - unopposed estrogen secretion from ovarian tumor

Tamoxifen therapy for breast cancer

Viral infections - warts

17
Q

Examples of physiologic atrophy?

A

Finger and toe dev

Notochord

18
Q

Examples of pathologic atrophy?

A
  • Decreased workload (bed rest, astronauts)
  • Denervation
  • Decreased blood supply
  • Loss of endocrine stimulation (menopause - loss of estrogen)
  • Senile atrophy
  • Malnutrition
  • Pressure (enlarging benign tumor)
19
Q

What is cachexia?

A

Marked muscle loss

20
Q

What pathway does atrophy occur through?

A

Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway

21
Q

Is metaplasia reversible?

A

Yes

22
Q

Two common examples of metaplasia.

A
  1. Smoking: columnar epithelia–> squamous in respiratory tract
  2. Acid reflux: squamous mucosa –> glandular epithelium
  3. Barret esophagus: squamous –> columnar epithelium
23
Q

What organ undergoes both hypertrophy and hyperplasia?

A

Uterus during pregnancy

24
Q

What layer of the blood vessel does cholesterol build up in during atherosclerosis?

A

Intima

25
Q

What deficiency exists in Gaucher disease?

A

Glucocerebrosidase - leads to buildup of carbs in cell

26
Q

What is a Russell body?

A

Buildup of immunoglobulin proteins in cell

27
Q

Give example of exogenous pigments.

A

Carbon, coal, tattoo ink

28
Q

What are the 4 endogenous pigments?

A

Lipofuscin, melanin, hemosiderin, bilirubin

29
Q

What is hemosiderin?

A

Breakdown product of blood that contains iron

30
Q

What is lipofuscin?

A

Wear and tear pigment from membrane damage

31
Q

What special stain can you use to see the following:

  1. Fats/lipids
  2. Iron
  3. Melanin
  4. Carbs
A
  1. Oil Red O, Sudan stains
  2. Prussian blue
  3. Fontana Masson
  4. PAS
32
Q

What type of calcium deposition occurs in dmgd tissues?

A

Dystophic calcification

33
Q

What type of Ca2+ deposition occurs in normal tissues as a result of hypercalcemia?

A

Metastatic calcification

34
Q

What is a Psammoma body?

A

Round laminated Ca2+ nodules

35
Q

What two proteins favor apoptosis? What two proteins inhibit it

A

Favor - Bax, Bad

Inhibit - Bcl-2, Bcl-XL

Term III: Pathology (12 decks)

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