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Viruses Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

viruses are cellular or acellular

A

acellular

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2
Q

What do viruses contain

A

nucleic acids

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3
Q

What are the fancy 3 letter word for viruses

A

obligate intracellular parasites

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4
Q

why are they called obligate intracellular parsites?

A

because they require a host cell to replicate

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5
Q

two states of virus’s existence

A

Extracellular and Intracellular

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6
Q

Extracellular

A

a virus particle that has no metabolism and can be crystallized

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7
Q

Intracellular

A

can take over host cell and only replicate themselves

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8
Q

size of viruses

A

avrage 20 -1000nm

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9
Q

how are viruses messured?

A

nanometers

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10
Q

how many times microscope zoom for viruses

A

7000x

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11
Q

what type of microscopes do they use?

A

electron microscope

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12
Q

4 kinds of virus shapes

A

Helical, polyhedral and enveloped and bacteriphage

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13
Q

Helical

A

capsid is arranged in a helical pattern

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14
Q

Polyhedral

A

most commonly in a icosahedron (20 equilateral triangles)

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15
Q

Enveloped

A

some surrounded by lipids proteins and carbohydrates

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16
Q

capsid is arranged in a helical pattern

A

helical

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17
Q

most commonly a icosahedron

A

Polyhedral

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18
Q

some surrounded by lipids, proteins and carbohydrates

A

enveloped

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19
Q

virus particle has no metabolism can be crystalized

A

extracellular

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20
Q

can take over host cell and only replicate themselves

A

intracellular

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21
Q

shape helical

A

sprials; microscope; lines

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22
Q

polyhedral viruses

A

dnd dice; microscope; 6 sided with lines at each corner

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23
Q

enveloped

A

covid

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24
Q

dots on helical outside

A

protein subunits

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25
Q

inside helical virus

A

RNA

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26
Q

dots of polyhedral virus outside

A

capsomere

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27
Q

inside of polyhedral virus

A

nucleic acid

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28
Q

shell of a polyhedral virus

A

capsid

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29
Q

virulent viruses

A

*Makes you sick right away!
* Undergo a lytic cycle
* Cause death/damage to host cell
* Examples include: Flu, Colds, Mumps

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30
Q

*Makes you sick right away!
* Undergo a lytic cycle
* Cause death/damage to host cell
* Examples include: Flu, Colds, Mumps

A

virulent viruses

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31
Q

temperate viruses

A
  • Undergo a lysogenic cycle
  • Herpes, HIV
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32
Q
  • Undergo a lysogenic cycle
  • Herpes, HIV
A

temperate viruses

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33
Q

lytic cycle

A

viruses immediately replicate and destroy the host cell

34
Q

viruses immediately replicate and destroy the host cell

A

lytic cycle

35
Q

attachment aka

A

absorption

36
Q

attachment

A

to host cell

37
Q

penetration

A

where nucleic acid enters cell

38
Q

absorption

A

attaches to host cell

39
Q

absorption

A

attachment

40
Q

replication

A

of viral nucleic acid to form viral proteins

41
Q

assembly

A

copies combine to form mature viruses

42
Q

release aka

A

lysis

43
Q

lysis aka

A

release

44
Q

release

A

hot cells lysed to release mature viruses

45
Q

lysis

A

host cells lysed to release mature viruses

46
Q

___ to host cell

A

attachment

47
Q

attachment to host cell

A

absorption

48
Q

where nucleic acid enters cell

A

penetration

49
Q

___ of viral nucleic acid to form viral proteins

A

replication

50
Q

copies combine to form mature viruses

A

assembly

51
Q

host cell lysed to release mature viruses

A

release

52
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

attachment, penetration and then viral dna atttaches and remains latent

53
Q

stimuli that causes lytic cycle to begin

A

radiation, chemicals or stress triggers

54
Q

what is the odd thing that temperate viruses do

A

when released take may take a small portion of the hosts dna and may introduce genes to new host (transduction

55
Q

virus classification

A

based on disease they cause (poliovirus, influenza virus, HIV)
designated by a greek letter (T4, phi 6, lamda)
based on type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
can be devided based upon single or double stranded nucleic acids

56
Q

Retrovirus

A

single strand of RNA serves as a template for DNA synthesis
makes DNA using reverse transcriptase
newly formed DNA combines with host DNA to become provirus(prophage)

57
Q

interesting about rna viruses

A

viruses with RNA carry genes from generation to the next

58
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A

pathogen, innoculate, compare

59
Q

immunity

A

ocures when body produces memory cells

60
Q

Who and when and what disease ‘first’ (not really) demostrated immunity

A

Jenner 1796, with cowpox to prevent aginst small pox

61
Q

viral transmition

A

air, food, water, touch (blood, shared needles, sexual intercorse)

62
Q

Chlorea

A

diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration from fecesses, contaimated from water

63
Q

Hepatitis

A

affects liver, jaundice, fatigue, from feces contaminated food and water

64
Q

sneeze aerosols

A

cold, flu, TB

65
Q

dirrect contact

A

HIV (sex, used needles, tainted blood) and herpes

66
Q

pasture

A

(1885) created immunity against rabies

67
Q

Rabies what nucleic acid?

A

RNA

68
Q

what cause death in RAbies

A

brain swelling

69
Q

HIV attacs what

A

helper T-cells, also macorphages, cells in lining of thymus and cerin mucous membrane cells

70
Q

HIV first infection

A

flu like illnuss then recovery (fever, aches)

71
Q

HIV after first infection

A

spreads killing T-cells decrease, no outward signs of trouble

72
Q

AIDS amount

A

once number of helper T-cells fall below 200/ml (normal 700/ml) is onset of AIDS

73
Q

how many HIV positive mothers pased it to children

A

25 to 35 percent

74
Q

% during pregnacy

A

20

75
Q

% during childbirth

A

40%

76
Q

% during breast-feeding

A

40

77
Q

plecenta

A

ineffective

78
Q

antivirals

A

reduce 14-39% down to lower then 5%

79
Q

antivirals problem

A

expensive

80
Q

infection rate childbirth

A

10-20%

81
Q

how reduce childbirth rates

A

c-section

82
Q

breast feading infection rate

A

15% after 2 years of breast feeding

Biology (11 decks)

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