mutations Flashcards
germ cell mutations
occurs only in sex cells; passed on to offsprings
germ cells
sex cells
sex cells
germ cells
turner’s syndrom
germ cell mutations
somatic cell
body cells
body cells
somatic cells
somatic cell mutation
occurs in body cells; passed on to daughter cell through mitosis
cancer tumours
somatic cell mutations
chromosome mutations
occurs during cell division
changes in structure of chromosome or loss occurs
occurs during cell division
changes in structure of chromosome or loss occurs
chromosome mutations
chromosome deletion
a piece of the chromosome breaks off
a piece of the chromosome breaks off
chromosome deletion
Inversion
a piece of the chromosome
breaks off and reattaches itself in
reverse order.
a piece of the chromosome
breaks off and reattaches itself in
reverse order.
Inversion
translocation
a broken piece from one chromosome attaches itself to a non-homologous chromosome
a broken piece from one chromosome attaches itself to a non-homologous chromosome
translocation
Nondisjunction
occurs when a replicated chromosome pair fails to separate during cell meiosis.
occurs when a replicated chromosome pair fails to separate during cell meiosis.
Nondisjunction
gene mutation
when a nitrogen base or bases are altered
results in changes in amino acid sequences
when a nitrogen base or bases are altered
results in changes in amino acid sequences
gene mutation
point mutation
the substitution, addition or deletion of a single nitrogen base.
the substitution, addition or deletion of a single nitrogen base.
point mutation
Frame Shift Mutation
a specific type of point mutation where the addition or deletion of a single nitrogen base causes the genetic message to be read out of sequence.
a specific type of point mutation where the addition or deletion of a single nitrogen base causes the genetic message to be read out of sequence.
Frame Shift Mutation
Mutation caused by (general)
environmental factors that damage DNA
environmental factors that damage DNA
Mutagens
Mutagens
environmental factors that damage DNA
Mutation caused by (specific)
UV light, cigarette tars, asbestos, viruses, pollution, certain chemicals, nuclear radiation
What causes both mutations?
Somatic and germ cell mutations
Karyotype
A karyotype is a spread of paired homologous chromosomes from the cell of a
person.
It is used to diagnose chromosomal
abnormalities that cause Down’s,
Kleinfelter’s and Turner’s syndrome.
It can also be used to positively ID the
gender of a developing fetus.
__________ is a spread of paired homologous chromosomes from the cell of a
person.
It is used to diagnose chromosomal
abnormalities that cause Down’s,
Kleinfelter’s and Turner’s syndrome.
It can also be used to positively ID the
gender of a developing fetus.
karyotype
is the small germ chromosome
Y
is the big germ chromosome
X
Males
XY
Females
XX
Downs
3 21’s
turners
only X
klinfelters
XXY
XY
male
XX
female
3 21s
Down’s
trisomy 21
Downs
X
Turners
XXY
Kleinfelters
hemophilia
sex-linked recessive
Multiple allele
three or more allele of one gene produce a single trait (ex. blood type)
Sex-influenced traits
the presence of horomones can influence the phenotype (outcome) of a spesific trait. FOund on somatic chromsoomes
codominate allel and sickle cell
A codominant allele that produces sickle
shaped blood cells. AA = normal, AA’ = both
normal and sickle cells, A’A’ = sickle cells
only. Sickle cells cause clogged capillaries
causing a flow blockage to oxygen to the rest
of the body. Furthermore, it produces
fatigue, headaches, cramps and leads to
organ failure
[AA = normal AB = mild case BB = serious case]
Huntington’s disease
single dominite allele trait that effects thoese in their 30s 40s
nondisjunction
failure of a set of chromosomes to seperate. results in extra or insufficent chromosomes in a cell
three or more allele of one gene produce a single trait (ex. blood type)
multiple allele
the presence of horomones can influence the phenotype (outcome) of a spesific trait. FOund on somatic chromsoomes
sex-influenced trait
single dominite allele trait that effects thoese in their 30s 40s
Huntington’s disease
failure of a set of chromosomes to seperate. results in extra or insufficent chromosomes in a cell
non-disjunction
