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Microbio > viruses > Flashcards

viruses Flashcards

1
Q

virus: genetic material

A

DNA or RNA

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2
Q

nucleocapsid

A

genome and capsid
- nonenveloped: no additional layers
- enveloped: extra layer

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3
Q

helical capsid

A

hollow tubes, often with envelope
ex) influenza: contains 8 segments of helices with genes inside envelope

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4
Q

icosahedral capsid

A

20 equilateral triangular faces
ex) adenovirus (common cold)

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5
Q

complex capsid

A

icosahedral and helical or neither
ex) bacteriophages are both
ex) poxvirus is neither

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6
Q

viral envelope proteins: spikes

A

viral attachment coded for by viral genes
entering and exiting cell
ex) flu H and N spikes
- H: attachment, receptor-mediated endocytosis
- N: exit and release

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7
Q

viral genome

A

diverse nature
- single or double stranded DNA or RNA (+ or - sense)
- segmented
- linear or circular

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8
Q

virus size

A

10 nm-1 micron
largest: 1.5 micron pithovirus

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9
Q

virulent phage

A

lytic cycle
- phage directs DNA synthesis of new phages
lysogenic
- prophage

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10
Q

viruses and cancer

A

~12% of cancer is triggered by viruses

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11
Q

oncovirus

A

cancer-causing virus
- inactivation of tumor suppressor proteins
- Rb and P53

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12
Q

oncovirus: epstein-barr

A
  • has to occur with malaria
  • burkitt’s lymphoma
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13
Q

oncovirus: hep b and c

A

liver cancer

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14
Q

oncovirus: HPV

A

cervical cancer

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15
Q

oncovirus: HtLV-1

A

leukemia

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16
Q

viral cultivation

A

requires inoculation of appropriate living host

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17
Q

viral cultivation: bacteria or archaea

A

broth or agar cultures
- plaques, loss of turbidity

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18
Q

taxonomy: order

A

-virales

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19
Q

taxonomy: genus

A
  • viridae
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20
Q

taxonomy: species

A
  • virus
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21
Q

baltimore system

A

differentiates types of viruses based on their genetic material

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22
Q

group 1: genome

A

double stranded DNA

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23
Q

group 1: genome replication

A

dsDNA -> dsDNA

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24
Q

group 1: mRNA synthesis

A

dsDNA -> mRNA

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25
Q

virulent bacteriophage steps

A

association
penetration
biosynthesis
maturation
release

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26
Q

virulent bacteriophage: release

A

lytic enzymes kill host cells
- holin: breaks plasma membrane
- t4 lysozyme: breaks down peptidoglycan

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27
Q

virulent bacteriophage: penetration

A

dsDNA inserted
- packasome: inserts DNA into viral head

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28
Q

herpes viridae: alpha

A

simplex I and II
varicella zoster

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29
Q

herpes viridae: beta

A

roseolavirus
cytomegalovirus

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30
Q

herpes viridae: gamma

A

epstein-barr

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31
Q

herpes virion shape and size

A

icosahedral, enveloped, surface spikes
120-200 nm

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32
Q

herpes virion target cells

A

epithelial and nerves

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33
Q

herpes virion productive/primary infection

A

50,000-200,000 virions/cell

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34
Q

herpes cold sores virus

A

HSV 1

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35
Q

genital herpes virus

A

HSV 2
- clinical manifestations: burning, fever, blisters

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36
Q

chicken pox virus

A

varicella-zoster virus

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37
Q

herpes cold sore latency

A

trigeminal ganglion
- activation: trauma, stress, hormones
- asymptomatic shedding: before productive infection

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38
Q

genital herpes latency

A

sacral plexus

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39
Q

chicken pox spread

A

respiratory droplets

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40
Q

chicken pox vaccine

A

prevents/shortens illness

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41
Q

chicken pox latency

A

dorsal root ganglia

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42
Q

shingles

A

reactivated form of chicken pox
- painful, localized infection
- 30% of people who have had chicken pox are at risk

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43
Q

mononucleosis virus

A

epstein-barr virus

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44
Q

mononucleosis spread, incubation, treatment

A
  • mouth to mouth
  • 30 to 60 day incubation period
  • supportive treatment
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45
Q

mononucleosis clinical manifestations

A

enlarged lymph nodes

46
Q

variola

A
  • contact transmission
  • 20 to 50% mortality
47
Q

HPV

A
  • warts
  • 4 oncogenic strains
48
Q

group 2 genome

A

ssDNA

48
Q

group 2: bacteriophage thetaX174

A
  • circular DNA
  • replicative form (dsDNA)
  • enzyme E: lyses host upon release, breaks plasma membrane and cell wall
49
Q

group 2: parvovirus B19

A
  • human form: 5th disease
  • icosahedral: unenveloped, 26 nm diameter
  • infects red blood cells
  • cats and dogs are immunized
50
Q

group 3 genome

A

dsRNA
- use RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
- replicase and transcriptase

51
Q

group 3: bacteriophage theta6

A
  • unusual: enveloped with segmented genome
  • attaches to side of F pilus
52
Q

group 3: rotavirus

A
  • eukaryotic
  • transmitted by fecal matter
  • stable in environment
  • infects enterocytes
  • “drinkable vaccine”
53
Q

group 4 genome

A

+ ssRNA
- can be converted directly into protein

54
Q

group 4: bacteriophage MS2

A
  • simple phage
  • tailless, small, icosahedral
  • only contains 4 genes
  • attach to F pilus of E.Coli
55
Q

bacteriophage MS2: attachment to F pilus

A
  • RNA genome enters
  • viral RNA polymerase synthesized
  • assembly, lysis
56
Q

group 4: rhinovirus

A

common cold
- over 100 icosahedral strains

57
Q

rhinovirus transmission

A

respiratory droplets

58
Q

rhinovirus target tissue

A

sinuses, throat, nose lining

59
Q

rhinovirus treatment

A

novel: receptor sites in nose

60
Q

group 4: norovirus

A

stomach flu
- vomiting and diarrhea for 1-2 days

61
Q

norovirus: spread

A

aerosolized particles
4-20 virions needed, no envelope

62
Q

viral multiplication: attachment

A

initial adherence

63
Q

viral multiplication: penetration/entry

A

inserting genetic material
entire virus enters

64
Q

penetration and entry: fusion

A

fusion with plasma membrane
- envelope spikes combine with plasma membrane
- nucleocapsid released into cytoplasm (uncoating)

65
Q

penetration and entry: endocytosis

A

binding w/ receptors triggers endocytosis

66
Q

viral multiplication: biosynthesis

A

parts synthesized

67
Q

viral multiplication: maturation/assembly

A

assembly line

68
Q

viral multiplication: release

A

host isn’t always killed
- budding

69
Q

group 4: zika virus

A

mosquito vector, but can also be sexually transmitted
microcephaly
- may inhibit stem cell development
mild symptoms, zika fever

70
Q

group 4: coronavirus - type of disease

A

zoonotic, intermediary
- bat reservoir
- zoonotic spillover

71
Q

coronavirus structure

A

large, enveloped, helical virus

72
Q

coronavirus symptoms, shedding, resolution

A
  • 3 to 6 days of symptoms
  • 2 to 4 days of shedding
  • resolution in 7 to 9 days
73
Q

coronavirus: immunological effect

A

immune response
- poor gas exchange
- shortness of breath
- coagulation changes

74
Q

coronavirus: SARS 2003

A

8098 cases
10% mortality

75
Q

coronavirus: MERS

A

2500 cases
34% mortality

76
Q

covid-19

A

630 million cases
1% mortality
remdesivir: inhibits RNA dependent RNA polymerase

77
Q

group 5 genome

A
  • ssRNA
78
Q

group 5 structure

A

enveloped, segmented and unsegmented

79
Q

group 5: genome necessities

A

transcriptase and replicase dependent
- -RNA to +RNA
- -RNA can’t be mRNA

80
Q

group 5: families

A
  • orthomyxoviridae
  • rhabdoviridae
  • filoviridae
  • paramyxoviridae
81
Q

orthomyxoviridae example

A

group 5
- influenza

82
Q

rhabdoviridae example

A

group 5
- rabies

83
Q

filoviridae example

A

group 5
- ebola

84
Q

paramyxoviridae example

A

mumps, measles

85
Q

influenza: structure

A

7 to 8 segments of linear RNA
- strain based on H and N
- HA and NA subtypes

86
Q

rabies: transmission

A

infected animal bite

87
Q

rabies: mortality

A

essentially 100%

88
Q

influenza: mutations

A

high mutation rate: no proofreading ability

89
Q

influenza: recovery and treatment

A
  • 3-7 day recovery
  • supportive treatment, secondary infection addressing
90
Q

rabies: multiplication, affected systems

A
  • multiplies in muscle cells
  • enters nervous system
  • negri bodies form in brain
91
Q

rabies: clinical manifestations

A
  • pain at wound, mental health issues, fatigue, excess saliva, inability to swallow
92
Q

rabies: cause of death

A

destruction of regions of brains that regulate breathing
- post-exposure vaccine limits this

93
Q

group 6: genome

A

ssRNA
- retroviruses
- reverse transcriptase needed

94
Q

group 6: HIV structure and enzymes

A

enveloped
reverse transcriptase: +RNA to DNA
integrase: inserts DNA into host DNA

95
Q

HIV: binding

A

binds to host immune system w/ T4 lymphocytes
- fusion with host cell
- uncoating
- reverse transcription
- nuclear impact
- assembly
- budding

96
Q

acute HIV

A

2-8 weeks after infection

97
Q

asymptomatic HIV

A

latent
6 months-10+ years
HIV levels decrease

98
Q

chronic symptomatic HIV

A

replication continues
immune cells decrease

99
Q

AIDS

A

less than 200 T cells/ 1 microliter blood

100
Q

HIV treatment

A
  • reverse transcriptase inhibitors (AZT)
  • fusion inhibitors (FIs): prevent entry of HIV in cells
101
Q

group 7: genome

A

gapped DNA
- one complete strand, one incomplete gapped strand

102
Q

Hep B group

A

group 7

103
Q

Hep B transmission

A

infected fluids

104
Q

Hep B incubation

A

4 weeks to 6 months

105
Q

Hep B symptoms

A

fatigue, jaundice

106
Q

Hep B results

A

cirrhosis of liver, carcinoma

107
Q

viroids

A

closed, circular RNA
- single or double stranded regions
plant diseases (stunt growth)
pathogenicity is not well-understood

108
Q

satellites

A

one or more gene products
require helper viruses
- Hep D requires Hep B

109
Q

Prions

A

proteins
protein catalyzes irreversible conformational change
fatal neurodegenerative disorders
clinically silent for months or years
profound disability or death

Microbio (11 decks)

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