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Microbio > viruses > Flashcards

viruses Flashcards

1
Q

virus: genetic material

A

DNA or RNA

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2
Q

nucleocapsid

A

genome and capsid
- nonenveloped: no additional layers
- enveloped: extra layer

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3
Q

helical capsid

A

hollow tubes, often with envelope
ex) influenza: contains 8 segments of helices with genes inside envelope

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4
Q

icosahedral capsid

A

20 equilateral triangular faces
ex) adenovirus (common cold)

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5
Q

complex capsid

A

icosahedral and helical or neither
ex) bacteriophages are both
ex) poxvirus is neither

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6
Q

viral envelope proteins: spikes

A

viral attachment coded for by viral genes
entering and exiting cell
ex) flu H and N spikes
- H: attachment, receptor-mediated endocytosis
- N: exit and release

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7
Q

viral genome

A

diverse nature
- single or double stranded DNA or RNA (+ or - sense)
- segmented
- linear or circular

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8
Q

virus size

A

10 nm-1 micron
largest: 1.5 micron pithovirus

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9
Q

virulent phage

A

lytic cycle
- phage directs DNA synthesis of new phages
lysogenic
- prophage

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10
Q

viruses and cancer

A

~12% of cancer is triggered by viruses

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11
Q

oncovirus

A

cancer-causing virus
- inactivation of tumor suppressor proteins
- Rb and P53

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12
Q

oncovirus: epstein-barr

A
  • has to occur with malaria
  • burkitt’s lymphoma
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13
Q

oncovirus: hep b and c

A

liver cancer

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14
Q

oncovirus: HPV

A

cervical cancer

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15
Q

oncovirus: HtLV-1

A

leukemia

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16
Q

viral cultivation

A

requires inoculation of appropriate living host

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17
Q

viral cultivation: bacteria or archaea

A

broth or agar cultures
- plaques, loss of turbidity

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18
Q

taxonomy: order

A

-virales

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19
Q

taxonomy: genus

A
  • viridae
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20
Q

taxonomy: species

A
  • virus
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21
Q

baltimore system

A

differentiates types of viruses based on their genetic material

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22
Q

group 1: genome

A

double stranded DNA

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23
Q

group 1: genome replication

A

dsDNA -> dsDNA

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24
Q

group 1: mRNA synthesis

A

dsDNA -> mRNA

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25
virulent bacteriophage steps
association penetration biosynthesis maturation release
26
virulent bacteriophage: release
lytic enzymes kill host cells - holin: breaks plasma membrane - t4 lysozyme: breaks down peptidoglycan
27
virulent bacteriophage: penetration
dsDNA inserted - packasome: inserts DNA into viral head
28
herpes viridae: alpha
simplex I and II varicella zoster
29
herpes viridae: beta
roseolavirus cytomegalovirus
30
herpes viridae: gamma
epstein-barr
31
herpes virion shape and size
icosahedral, enveloped, surface spikes 120-200 nm
32
herpes virion target cells
epithelial and nerves
33
herpes virion productive/primary infection
50,000-200,000 virions/cell
34
herpes cold sores virus
HSV 1
35
genital herpes virus
HSV 2 - clinical manifestations: burning, fever, blisters
36
chicken pox virus
varicella-zoster virus
37
herpes cold sore latency
trigeminal ganglion - activation: trauma, stress, hormones - asymptomatic shedding: before productive infection
38
genital herpes latency
sacral plexus
39
chicken pox spread
respiratory droplets
40
chicken pox vaccine
prevents/shortens illness
41
chicken pox latency
dorsal root ganglia
42
shingles
reactivated form of chicken pox - painful, localized infection - 30% of people who have had chicken pox are at risk
43
mononucleosis virus
epstein-barr virus
44
mononucleosis spread, incubation, treatment
- mouth to mouth - 30 to 60 day incubation period - supportive treatment
45
mononucleosis clinical manifestations
enlarged lymph nodes
46
variola
- contact transmission - 20 to 50% mortality
47
HPV
- warts - 4 oncogenic strains
48
group 2 genome
ssDNA
48
group 2: bacteriophage thetaX174
- circular DNA - replicative form (dsDNA) - enzyme E: lyses host upon release, breaks plasma membrane and cell wall
49
group 2: parvovirus B19
- human form: 5th disease - icosahedral: unenveloped, 26 nm diameter - infects red blood cells - cats and dogs are immunized
50
group 3 genome
dsRNA - use RNA-dependent RNA polymerase - replicase and transcriptase
51
group 3: bacteriophage theta6
- unusual: enveloped with segmented genome - attaches to side of F pilus
52
group 3: rotavirus
- eukaryotic - transmitted by fecal matter - stable in environment - infects enterocytes - "drinkable vaccine"
53
group 4 genome
+ ssRNA - can be converted directly into protein
54
group 4: bacteriophage MS2
- simple phage - tailless, small, icosahedral - only contains 4 genes - attach to F pilus of E.Coli
55
bacteriophage MS2: attachment to F pilus
- RNA genome enters - viral RNA polymerase synthesized - assembly, lysis
56
group 4: rhinovirus
common cold - over 100 icosahedral strains
57
rhinovirus transmission
respiratory droplets
58
rhinovirus target tissue
sinuses, throat, nose lining
59
rhinovirus treatment
novel: receptor sites in nose
60
group 4: norovirus
stomach flu - vomiting and diarrhea for 1-2 days
61
norovirus: spread
aerosolized particles 4-20 virions needed, no envelope
62
viral multiplication: attachment
initial adherence
63
viral multiplication: penetration/entry
inserting genetic material entire virus enters
64
penetration and entry: fusion
fusion with plasma membrane - envelope spikes combine with plasma membrane - nucleocapsid released into cytoplasm (uncoating)
65
penetration and entry: endocytosis
binding w/ receptors triggers endocytosis
66
viral multiplication: biosynthesis
parts synthesized
67
viral multiplication: maturation/assembly
assembly line
68
viral multiplication: release
host isn't always killed - budding
69
group 4: zika virus
mosquito vector, but can also be sexually transmitted microcephaly - may inhibit stem cell development mild symptoms, zika fever
70
group 4: coronavirus - type of disease
zoonotic, intermediary - bat reservoir - zoonotic spillover
71
coronavirus structure
large, enveloped, helical virus
72
coronavirus symptoms, shedding, resolution
- 3 to 6 days of symptoms - 2 to 4 days of shedding - resolution in 7 to 9 days
73
coronavirus: immunological effect
immune response - poor gas exchange - shortness of breath - coagulation changes
74
coronavirus: SARS 2003
8098 cases 10% mortality
75
coronavirus: MERS
2500 cases 34% mortality
76
covid-19
630 million cases 1% mortality remdesivir: inhibits RNA dependent RNA polymerase
77
group 5 genome
- ssRNA
78
group 5 structure
enveloped, segmented and unsegmented
79
group 5: genome necessities
transcriptase and replicase dependent - -RNA to +RNA - -RNA can't be mRNA
80
group 5: families
- orthomyxoviridae - rhabdoviridae - filoviridae - paramyxoviridae
81
orthomyxoviridae example
group 5 - influenza
82
rhabdoviridae example
group 5 - rabies
83
filoviridae example
group 5 - ebola
84
paramyxoviridae example
mumps, measles
85
influenza: structure
7 to 8 segments of linear RNA - strain based on H and N - HA and NA subtypes
86
rabies: transmission
infected animal bite
87
rabies: mortality
essentially 100%
88
influenza: mutations
high mutation rate: no proofreading ability
89
influenza: recovery and treatment
- 3-7 day recovery - supportive treatment, secondary infection addressing
90
rabies: multiplication, affected systems
- multiplies in muscle cells - enters nervous system - negri bodies form in brain
91
rabies: clinical manifestations
- pain at wound, mental health issues, fatigue, excess saliva, inability to swallow
92
rabies: cause of death
destruction of regions of brains that regulate breathing - post-exposure vaccine limits this
93
group 6: genome
ssRNA - retroviruses - reverse transcriptase needed
94
group 6: HIV structure and enzymes
enveloped reverse transcriptase: +RNA to DNA integrase: inserts DNA into host DNA
95
HIV: binding
binds to host immune system w/ T4 lymphocytes - fusion with host cell - uncoating - reverse transcription - nuclear impact - assembly - budding
96
acute HIV
2-8 weeks after infection
97
asymptomatic HIV
latent 6 months-10+ years HIV levels decrease
98
chronic symptomatic HIV
replication continues immune cells decrease
99
AIDS
less than 200 T cells/ 1 microliter blood
100
HIV treatment
- reverse transcriptase inhibitors (AZT) - fusion inhibitors (FIs): prevent entry of HIV in cells
101
group 7: genome
gapped DNA - one complete strand, one incomplete gapped strand
102
Hep B group
group 7
103
Hep B transmission
infected fluids
104
Hep B incubation
4 weeks to 6 months
105
Hep B symptoms
fatigue, jaundice
106
Hep B results
cirrhosis of liver, carcinoma
107
viroids
closed, circular RNA - single or double stranded regions plant diseases (stunt growth) pathogenicity is not well-understood
108
satellites
one or more gene products require helper viruses - Hep D requires Hep B
109
Prions
proteins protein catalyzes irreversible conformational change fatal neurodegenerative disorders clinically silent for months or years profound disability or death

Microbio (11 decks)

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