protists

Question 1

protist characteristics

Answer 1

• simple eukaryotes
• lack tissue organization
• most are unicellular
• organized in supergroups

Question 2

supergroup excavata characteristics

Answer 2

most primitive
have a suspension- feeding groove
have flagella

Question 3

supergroup excavata phyla

Answer 3

fornicata, parabasilia, euglenoza

Question 4

phylum fornicata characteristics

Answer 4

part of supergroup excavata
microaerophilic protist (like a low O2 level)
flagellated
mitosomes

Question 5

giardia intestinalis life cycle

Answer 5

in cyst form at consumption
trophozoite in small intestine
cyst when it exits the body

Question 6

giardia intestinalis transmission

Answer 6

cyst-contaminated water
- low dose needed (10-20 cysts)

Question 7

giardia intestinalis clinical manifestations

Answer 7

severe diarrhea, cramps, flatulence

Question 8

giardia intestinalis tissue tropism

Answer 8

intestinal wall
- attaches and takes nutrients

Question 9

giardia intestinalis treatments

Answer 9

antiprotozoal agents

Question 10

phylum parabasilia characteristics and species

Answer 10

flagellated endosymbiotes
triconympha and trichomonas

Question 11

trichomoniasis disease

Answer 11

trichomoniasis vaginalis

Question 12

trichomoniasis clinical manifestations

Answer 12

females: discharge, itching, strawberry cervix
males: asymptomatic, painful urination

Question 13

trichomoniasis diagnosis

Answer 13

parasite observation

Question 14

euglenozoa structure

Answer 14

one long flagellum, one short flagellum (movement and sweeping)
chloroplast
stigma: orients towards light
pyrenoid: carbon fixation
contractile vacuole and reservoir: osmotic pressure regulation

Question 15

leishmaniasis transmission

Answer 15

sand fly vector

Question 16

leishmaniasis cycle

Answer 16

cutaneous (ulcer at bite site), visceral (spreading), mucocutaneous (enters mucus membranes, lesions on mouth, nose, throat, skin)

Question 17

leishmaniasis prevention

Answer 17

controlling sandfly population with a fungus

Question 18

trypanosomiasis diseases

Answer 18

African trypanosomiasis: trypanosoma brucei
Chagas disease: t. cruzi

Question 19

african trypanosomiasis transmission

Answer 19

tsete fly

Question 20

african trypanosomiasis tissue tropism

Answer 20

lymphatic system, enters bloodstream

Question 21

african trypanosomiasis clinical manifestations

Answer 21

pain at bite site, fever, swollen lymph nodes, lethargy

Question 22

chagas disease transmission

Answer 22

triatomine bug (kissing bug)
- parasite shed in feces, feces get scratched into body (biologic transfer)

Question 23

chagas disease treatment

Answer 23

antiparasitic therapy

Question 24

supergroup amoebazoa structures

Answer 24

have pseudopodia
- lobopodia: round, globular
- filopodia: pointy, needle-like
- reticulopodia
naked (no extra layer), testate (extra layer)

Question 25

amebiasis

Answer 25

entamoeba histolytica

Question 26

entamoeba histolytica disease

Answer 26

amoebic dysentery

Question 27

entamoeba histolytica life cycle

Answer 27

cyst consumption, trophozoite in stomach, shed as trophs but morph into cysts

Question 28

entamoeba histolytica tissue tropism

Answer 28

replicate in large intestine
amoebic ulcers, may migrate to lungs or liver

Question 29

entamoeba histolytica diagnosis

Answer 29

fecal culture
fresh stool: trophozoite
regular stool: cysts

Question 30

entamoeba histolytica treatment and prevention

Answer 30

antiprotozoal agents
avoiding contaminated food and water

Question 31

naegleria fowleri tissue tropism

Answer 31

enters nasal passages and gains access to brain

Question 32

naegleria fowleri clinical manifestations

Answer 32

severe headache, vomiting, stiffness, hallucinations
often fatal

Question 33

eumycetozoa types

Answer 33

slime molds
- myxogastria
- dictyostelia

Question 34

myxogastria

Answer 34

can form a plasmodium (one unit)
germinates into sporangia
release spores, germinate into amoeba

Question 35

dictyostelia

Answer 35

congregation, amoeba mass forms (slug)
slug transforms into sporeforming body

Question 36

supergroup SAR

Answer 36

stramenopila, alveolata, rhizaria

Question 37

rhizaria characteristics and types

Answer 37

contain axopodia
radiolaria and formanifera

Question 38

stramenopila types and characteristics

Answer 38

heterokont flagella
diatoms, golden and brown algae

Question 39

diatoms

Answer 39

have chlorophylls and accessory pigments
frustules

Question 40

alveolata dinoflagellates

Answer 40

one wraps around, one is exterior for feeding
have trichocysts, which are shot out as defense
some have neurotoxin activity

Question 41

alveolata apicomplexans characteristics

Answer 41

apical complex is disease-causing: attachment, enzyme release, etc.

Question 42

alveolata apicomplexan genus

Answer 42

plasmodium

Question 43

malaria transmission

Answer 43

arthropod-borne disease
infected bite of female mosquito

Question 44

malaria life cycle

Answer 44

mosquito bites, delivered in blood meal
enters liver and reproduces
enters erythrocytes and attacks
red blood cells lyse

Question 45

malaria treatment, prevention

Answer 45

antimalarial drugs, bed netting, insecticides
new vaccine shows promise

Question 46

toxoplasmosis transmission

Answer 46

host: wild rodents, birds
reservoir: cat
transmitted through cat feces, fecal-oral

Question 47

toxoplasmosis clinical manifestations

Answer 47

possible progressive brain damage
in fetuses: congenital defects, hydrocephalus

Question 48

archaeplastica phylum and genus

Answer 48

chlorophyta
p chlamydomonas