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Microbio > pathogenicity and epidemiology (10 and 11) > Flashcards

pathogenicity and epidemiology (10 and 11) Flashcards

1
Q

host-parasite relationships: host

A

supports survival/growth of another organism or entity

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2
Q

host-parasite relationships: parasite

A

depends on host for survival
- protists, viruses, helminths

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3
Q

pathogen

A

an organism or entity that causes disease

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4
Q

opportunistic pathogen

A

causes disease in weakened host
- ex: candida albicans

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5
Q

extracellular pathogen

A

causes disease in tissues, fluids

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6
Q

intracellular pathogen (2 types)

A

causes disease in cells
- facultative: can grow without host
- obligate: needs host to grow, usually viral

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7
Q

primary pathogen

A

infects people under any circumstance

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8
Q

predatory bacteria: host and pathogen

A

host: bacteria
pathogen: small, gram- pathogen
(bdellovibrio, vampirococcus, daptobacter)

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9
Q

predatory bacteria: bdellovibrio

A

in periplasm

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10
Q

predatory bacteria: vampirococcus

A

sucks cytoplasm out of cell

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11
Q

predatory bacteria: daptobacter

A

breaks cell wall to enter

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12
Q

pathogenicity

A

ability to cause disease

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13
Q

virulence

A

how good a pathogen is at causing disease
- degree or intensity of pathogenicity

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14
Q

latent state

A

host becomes infected, signs and symptoms don’t appear immediately

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15
Q

latent state: intermittent

A

initial infection with signs and symptoms, then subside, usually reappear
ex: herpes simplex

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16
Q

latent state: quiescent

A

causes infection, stops causing disease but stays in system
ex: varicella-zoster

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17
Q

relationship factors

A
  • number of organisms present
  • degree of virulence
  • host resistance
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18
Q

disease: signs

A

objective

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19
Q

disease: symptoms

A

experience

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20
Q

disease course

A

incubation period: initial exposure with no signs/symptoms
prodromal stage: signs and symptoms appear, unspecific (short stage)
period of illness: signs and symptoms increase
convalescence: subside

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21
Q

disease course: contagious period

A

incubation through period of illness

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22
Q

disease carriers: human-human (4 types)

A

active: in prodromal/illness phase
convalescent: convalescence (ex: cholera, pertussis)
healthy: never exhibited signs or symptoms
incubatory: incubation period

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23
Q

disease carriers: non-human

A

reservoir: living or nonliving location where pathogen resides (ex. west nile, food, water)
zoonotic: animal to human
- vector: any organism transferring pathogen from one host to another (arthropods, vertebrates)

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24
Q

lyme disease: host, vector, reservoir

A

reservoir: mouse
vector: tick
host: human

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25
Q

pathogen transmission: airborne

A

pathogen is in air prom host
- droplets, droplet nuclei (1.5 microns, move farther and stay in air longer), aerosolized particles (remain for days)

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26
Q

pathogen transmission: contact

A

direct: physical interaction, infectious droplets, bodily fluids
indirect: fomite (inanimate object)

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27
Q

pathogen transmission: vehicle

A

fomites (bedding, utensils, food, water)
nosocomial: picked up at healthcare facility

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28
Q

pathogen transmission: vector-borne

A

harborage: vector carries pathogen without change
(ex: bubonic plague)
biologic: pathogen undergoes changes while in vector
(ex: malaria)

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29
Q

virulence: infectious dose

A

ID50: number needed to cause disease in 50% of hosts
varies with pathogen

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30
Q

virulence: adherence

A

attaches to host
- uses pili, spikes, capsules, tissue tropism

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31
Q

virulence: colonization

A

replicates

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32
Q

virulence: portal of entry

A

GI, skin, vectors, respiratory

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33
Q

adherence examples

A

E.coli: fimbrial adhesion
syphillis: hook embeds in host
flu: viral spikes

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34
Q

pathogenicity islands

A

genes coding to virulence

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35
Q

infectivity vs invasiveness

A

infectivity: ability to establish infection
invasiveness: ability to spread

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36
Q

exiting the host

A

must occur if microbe is to be perpetuated
- active
- passive: through a system (blood, fecal, respiratory)

37
Q

resisting host defenses: s.pneumoniae

A

capsule prevents phagocytosis

38
Q

resisting host defenses: Hep B

A

produces decoy proteins

39
Q

resisting host defenses: pseudomonas

A

biofilms

40
Q

resisting host defenses: HIV

A

directly attacks immune cells

41
Q

resisting host defenses: n.gonorrhoeae

A

o-side chain alteration

42
Q

toxigenicity: exotoxins

A

secretions
- AB exotoxins: active and binding subunits, enter cell
(ex: neurotoxins)
- membrane-disrupting exotoxins: poreformers (s.aureus) phospholipases (c.perfingens)
- superantigens: overstimulate immune system (staph pathogens)

43
Q

toxigenicity: endotoxins

A

LPS is toxic to some host cells
- gram- bacteria

44
Q

toxigenicity: mycotoxins

A

produced by fungi
- aflatoxins: on corn, peanuts, have carcinogen
- cause liver disease, cancer
- ex: aspergillus flavus
- satratoxins: mold, fungi
- inflammation, lung damage, inhibit synthesis
- ex: stachybotrys
- claviceps purpurea: grows on rye, produces lysergic acid
- salem witch trials

45
Q

first epidemiologist

A

john snow
- studied cause, spread, and how to control cholera in London

46
Q

CDC

A

out of Atlanta
valuable info about prevention, immunization

47
Q

WHO

A

world health organization

48
Q

sporadic disease

A

irregular intervals, unrelated cases

49
Q

endemic disease

A

always in certain areas at certain times
- malaria, flu

50
Q

incidence

A

number of new cases of disease in a population

51
Q

prevalence

A

all cases of a disease

52
Q

outbreak

A

sudden and unpredicted

53
Q

epidemic

A

widespread outbreak to one region

54
Q

pandemic

A

outbreak spread over 2+ continents

55
Q

index case

A

first documented case in an outbreak
also known as patient zero

56
Q

public health

A

protecting populations and improving health
problem–>cause–>solutions–>implementation–>assesment

57
Q

1916-2016 comparison of biggest killer

A

1900: flu, tuberculosis, pneumonia
2016: heart disease
antibiotic resistance can impact death rates

58
Q

typhoid mary

A

mary mallon was an asymptomatic carrier of typhoid
spread disease during work
caused many to contract typhoid, 3 deaths

59
Q

disease prevalence

A

total cases in population/population x 100

60
Q

disease morbidity rate

A

total new cases in pop./total pop. x 100

61
Q

mortality rate

A

total death due to disease/pop. with disease x 100

62
Q

basic reproduction number

A

R0
- # cases generated by a single case
- based on unimmunized population
- R0 of 1 or more has pandemic/epidemic potential

63
Q

emerging infectious disease

A

increase in rate since 1982
- novel infectious diseases (HIV, Hep C, ebola)
- reemergence of old diseases (tuberculosis, chlamydia)

64
Q

nosocomial infection

A

acquired in a healthcare facility
mostly bacteria, usually UTI-related
prolong hospital stays, costly, 20,000-60,000 deaths per year

65
Q

control measures

A

source reduction
breaking connection between source and individual
reducing # people with disease

66
Q

vaccines

A

preparation of microbial pathogens used to induce protective immunity
5 types: inactivated, attenuated, subunit, mRNA, vector
host: begins at ~2 months, further vaccination required depends on relative risk

67
Q

vaccine: inactivated

A

dead, inactive pathogen
boosters required
no reversion tendency
very stable
ex: Hep A

68
Q

attenuated vaccine

A

live pathogen with lessened virulence/strength
only single booster needed if any
rare, but may revert to virulent form
ex: chicken pox

69
Q

subunit vaccine

A

capsular polysaccharide (meningitis)
surface antigens (virus)
inactivated toxins/toxoid (tetanus)

70
Q

mRNA vaccine

A

introduction and translation
ex: pfiezer and moderna

71
Q

vector vaccine

A

use another virus as vector
ex: J and J

72
Q

bioterrorism

A

purposely causing disease

73
Q

bioterrorism: category a

A

most dangerous
- ebola, plague, smallpox

74
Q

bioterrorism: category b

A

more treatable but still dangerous
- typhus, toxemia via ricin

75
Q

bioterrorism: category c

A

most treatable
- yellow fever

76
Q

notable bioterrorism: 1984 oregon

A

salmonella typhimurium in 10 restaurant salad bars
- religious group wanted to limit voting population

77
Q

notable bioterrorism: 1996 texas

A

intentional release of shigella dysentariae in a hospital break room
- nurse trying to poison another individual

78
Q

notable bioterrorism: 2001 in 7 eastern US states

A

bacillus anthracis spores delivered via postal system
- 5 deaths
- Bruce Ivins: biodefense lab worker

79
Q

biological weapons

A

very dangerous: invisible, odorless, tasteless, difficult to detect

80
Q

1998 defense initiative

A

vaccine stockpile, new vaccines
improved detection systems
labs prepared as first responders

81
Q

global health

A

developing countries: about 47% of deaths are caused by infectious disease
developed countries: only 4%

82
Q

aflatoxins

A

on corn, peanuts, have carcinogen
- cause liver disease, cancer

83
Q

satratoxins

A

mold, fungi
- inflammation, lung damage, inhibit synthesis
- ex: stachybotrys

84
Q

AB exotoxins

A

active and binding subunits
enter cell
ex: neurotoxins

85
Q

membrane-disrupting exotoxins

A

poreformers: s.aureus
phospholipases: c.perfingens

86
Q

superantigens

A

overstimulate immune system
ex: staph pathogens

87
Q

subunit vaccine: meningitis

A

capsular polysaccharide

88
Q

subunit vaccine: tetanus

A

inactivated toxins/toxoid

Microbio (11 decks)

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