Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbio > pathogenicity and epidemiology (10 and 11) > Flashcards

pathogenicity and epidemiology (10 and 11) Flashcards

1
Q

host-parasite relationships: host

A

supports survival/growth of another organism or entity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

host-parasite relationships: parasite

A

depends on host for survival
- protists, viruses, helminths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

pathogen

A

an organism or entity that causes disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

opportunistic pathogen

A

causes disease in weakened host
- ex: candida albicans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

extracellular pathogen

A

causes disease in tissues, fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

intracellular pathogen (2 types)

A

causes disease in cells
- facultative: can grow without host
- obligate: needs host to grow, usually viral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

primary pathogen

A

infects people under any circumstance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

predatory bacteria: host and pathogen

A

host: bacteria
pathogen: small, gram- pathogen
(bdellovibrio, vampirococcus, daptobacter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

predatory bacteria: bdellovibrio

A

in periplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

predatory bacteria: vampirococcus

A

sucks cytoplasm out of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

predatory bacteria: daptobacter

A

breaks cell wall to enter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

pathogenicity

A

ability to cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

virulence

A

how good a pathogen is at causing disease
- degree or intensity of pathogenicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

latent state

A

host becomes infected, signs and symptoms don’t appear immediately

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

latent state: intermittent

A

initial infection with signs and symptoms, then subside, usually reappear
ex: herpes simplex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

latent state: quiescent

A

causes infection, stops causing disease but stays in system
ex: varicella-zoster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

relationship factors

A
  • number of organisms present
  • degree of virulence
  • host resistance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

disease: signs

A

objective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

disease: symptoms

A

experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

disease course

A

incubation period: initial exposure with no signs/symptoms
prodromal stage: signs and symptoms appear, unspecific (short stage)
period of illness: signs and symptoms increase
convalescence: subside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

disease course: contagious period

A

incubation through period of illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

disease carriers: human-human (4 types)

A

active: in prodromal/illness phase
convalescent: convalescence (ex: cholera, pertussis)
healthy: never exhibited signs or symptoms
incubatory: incubation period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

disease carriers: non-human

A

reservoir: living or nonliving location where pathogen resides (ex. west nile, food, water)
zoonotic: animal to human
- vector: any organism transferring pathogen from one host to another (arthropods, vertebrates)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

lyme disease: host, vector, reservoir

A

reservoir: mouse
vector: tick
host: human

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
pathogen transmission: airborne
pathogen is in air prom host - droplets, droplet nuclei (1.5 microns, move farther and stay in air longer), aerosolized particles (remain for days)
26
pathogen transmission: contact
direct: physical interaction, infectious droplets, bodily fluids indirect: fomite (inanimate object)
27
pathogen transmission: vehicle
fomites (bedding, utensils, food, water) nosocomial: picked up at healthcare facility
28
pathogen transmission: vector-borne
harborage: vector carries pathogen without change (ex: bubonic plague) biologic: pathogen undergoes changes while in vector (ex: malaria)
29
virulence: infectious dose
ID50: number needed to cause disease in 50% of hosts varies with pathogen
30
virulence: adherence
attaches to host - uses pili, spikes, capsules, tissue tropism
31
virulence: colonization
replicates
32
virulence: portal of entry
GI, skin, vectors, respiratory
33
adherence examples
E.coli: fimbrial adhesion syphillis: hook embeds in host flu: viral spikes
34
pathogenicity islands
genes coding to virulence
35
infectivity vs invasiveness
infectivity: ability to establish infection invasiveness: ability to spread
36
exiting the host
must occur if microbe is to be perpetuated - active - passive: through a system (blood, fecal, respiratory)
37
resisting host defenses: s.pneumoniae
capsule prevents phagocytosis
38
resisting host defenses: Hep B
produces decoy proteins
39
resisting host defenses: pseudomonas
biofilms
40
resisting host defenses: HIV
directly attacks immune cells
41
resisting host defenses: n.gonorrhoeae
o-side chain alteration
42
toxigenicity: exotoxins
secretions - AB exotoxins: active and binding subunits, enter cell (ex: neurotoxins) - membrane-disrupting exotoxins: poreformers (s.aureus) phospholipases (c.perfingens) - superantigens: overstimulate immune system (staph pathogens)
43
toxigenicity: endotoxins
LPS is toxic to some host cells - gram- bacteria
44
toxigenicity: mycotoxins
produced by fungi - aflatoxins: on corn, peanuts, have carcinogen - cause liver disease, cancer - ex: aspergillus flavus - satratoxins: mold, fungi - inflammation, lung damage, inhibit synthesis - ex: stachybotrys - claviceps purpurea: grows on rye, produces lysergic acid - salem witch trials
45
first epidemiologist
john snow - studied cause, spread, and how to control cholera in London
46
CDC
out of Atlanta valuable info about prevention, immunization
47
WHO
world health organization
48
sporadic disease
irregular intervals, unrelated cases
49
endemic disease
always in certain areas at certain times - malaria, flu
50
incidence
number of new cases of disease in a population
51
prevalence
all cases of a disease
52
outbreak
sudden and unpredicted
53
epidemic
widespread outbreak to one region
54
pandemic
outbreak spread over 2+ continents
55
index case
first documented case in an outbreak also known as patient zero
56
public health
protecting populations and improving health problem-->cause-->solutions-->implementation-->assesment
57
1916-2016 comparison of biggest killer
1900: flu, tuberculosis, pneumonia 2016: heart disease antibiotic resistance can impact death rates
58
typhoid mary
mary mallon was an asymptomatic carrier of typhoid spread disease during work caused many to contract typhoid, 3 deaths
59
disease prevalence
total cases in population/population x 100
60
disease morbidity rate
total new cases in pop./total pop. x 100
61
mortality rate
total death due to disease/pop. with disease x 100
62
basic reproduction number
R0 - # cases generated by a single case - based on unimmunized population - R0 of 1 or more has pandemic/epidemic potential
63
emerging infectious disease
increase in rate since 1982 - novel infectious diseases (HIV, Hep C, ebola) - reemergence of old diseases (tuberculosis, chlamydia)
64
nosocomial infection
acquired in a healthcare facility mostly bacteria, usually UTI-related prolong hospital stays, costly, 20,000-60,000 deaths per year
65
control measures
source reduction breaking connection between source and individual reducing # people with disease
66
vaccines
preparation of microbial pathogens used to induce protective immunity 5 types: inactivated, attenuated, subunit, mRNA, vector host: begins at ~2 months, further vaccination required depends on relative risk
67
vaccine: inactivated
dead, inactive pathogen boosters required no reversion tendency very stable ex: Hep A
68
attenuated vaccine
live pathogen with lessened virulence/strength only single booster needed if any rare, but may revert to virulent form ex: chicken pox
69
subunit vaccine
capsular polysaccharide (meningitis) surface antigens (virus) inactivated toxins/toxoid (tetanus)
70
mRNA vaccine
introduction and translation ex: pfiezer and moderna
71
vector vaccine
use another virus as vector ex: J and J
72
bioterrorism
purposely causing disease
73
bioterrorism: category a
most dangerous - ebola, plague, smallpox
74
bioterrorism: category b
more treatable but still dangerous - typhus, toxemia via ricin
75
bioterrorism: category c
most treatable - yellow fever
76
notable bioterrorism: 1984 oregon
salmonella typhimurium in 10 restaurant salad bars - religious group wanted to limit voting population
77
notable bioterrorism: 1996 texas
intentional release of shigella dysentariae in a hospital break room - nurse trying to poison another individual
78
notable bioterrorism: 2001 in 7 eastern US states
bacillus anthracis spores delivered via postal system - 5 deaths - Bruce Ivins: biodefense lab worker
79
biological weapons
very dangerous: invisible, odorless, tasteless, difficult to detect
80
1998 defense initiative
vaccine stockpile, new vaccines improved detection systems labs prepared as first responders
81
global health
developing countries: about 47% of deaths are caused by infectious disease developed countries: only 4%
82
aflatoxins
on corn, peanuts, have carcinogen - cause liver disease, cancer
83
satratoxins
mold, fungi - inflammation, lung damage, inhibit synthesis - ex: stachybotrys
84
AB exotoxins
active and binding subunits enter cell ex: neurotoxins
85
membrane-disrupting exotoxins
poreformers: s.aureus phospholipases: c.perfingens
86
superantigens
overstimulate immune system ex: staph pathogens
87
subunit vaccine: meningitis
capsular polysaccharide
88
subunit vaccine: tetanus
inactivated toxins/toxoid

Microbio (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions