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Microbio > Microbial Control (6) > Flashcards

Microbial Control (6) Flashcards

1
Q

biocide

A

will kill or inactivate a pathogen/microbe

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2
Q

sterilization

A

killing or inactivating everything
- hard to achieve

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3
Q

sanitization

A

lowering microbial load to “safe” level

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4
Q

disinfectant

A

powerful agent used on inanimate objects

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5
Q

antiseptic

A

used on live beings

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6
Q

-cidal

A
  • killing
  • can have side effects, toxicity
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7
Q

-static

A
  • prevents replication, immune system then steps in
  • may take longer
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8
Q

biosafety levels: BSL-1

A
  • most harmless
  • resident microbiota (inside us) pose no threat
    • L. casei
    • V. fisher
  • handwashing and disinfecting surfaces
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9
Q

biosafety levels: BSL-2

A
  • some pathogens
  • handwash, disinfect, gloves
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10
Q

biosafety levels: BSL-3

A
  • cause disease via consumption, wound entry, inhalation
  • use safety ventilation hood
  • potential ailments are fairly treatable
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11
Q

biosafety levels: BSL-4

A
  • highly dangerous, contagios
    • ebola, variola
  • decontamination chamber, space suit
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12
Q

methods of control: 3 genres

A
  • physical
  • chemical
  • biological agents
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13
Q

physical control: mechanical removal

A
  • filtration
    • heat-sensitive sterilization
    • certain liquids
    • air filtration
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14
Q

physical control: heating

A
  • destroys viruses, fungi, bacteria
    • spores in some conditions
  • degrades nucleic acids, denatures proteins, disrupts membranes
    • extracts water
  • bacteria take 2-800 min @ boil to die
    • 121 °C sterilization is achieved
    • steam sterilization: autoclave (sporocidal, quality control, bioindicatiors)
  • autoclave
    • heat and pressure chamber
    • temp increase, pressure increase
    • steam enters chamber
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15
Q

physical control: pasteurization

A
  • sanitization method
  • controlled heating at specific temps for specific times
  • milk, beer, etc.
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16
Q

vat pasteurization

A

63 °C for 20 minutes

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17
Q

high temperature short time (HTST) pasteurization

A

71.5 °C for 15 seconds

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18
Q

ultra pasteurization

A

135 °C for 2 seconds
- sterile

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19
Q

physical control: dry-heat sterilization

A
  • bacticinerator or oven
  • less effective than moist heat
  • 160-170 °C
  • oxidizes cell structure, denatures proteins
20
Q

physical control: UV radiation

A
  • causes thymine dimers
  • UV use limited
21
Q

chemical control: disinfectants and antiseptics

A
  • effective against wide variety of infectious agents at low temp
  • stable in storage
  • safe for humans and animals
  • overuse = triclosan-resistant bacteria
    • 2016 FDA antimicrobial ban
22
Q

chemical control: phenolics

A
  • Joseph Lister
  • denatures proteins, disrupts cell membranes
    • Lysol (remains active for a while)
23
Q

chemical control: alcohols

A
  • most widely-used
    • denature proteins, dissolve membrane lipids
  • ethanol, isopropanol
  • not effective for all viruses
    • norovirus
24
Q

chemical control: aldehydes

A
  • highly reactive molecules
  • cross-linking proteins (stiffening)
    • formaldehyde
25
chemical control: heavy metals
- mercury, silver, arsenic, zinc, copper - effective but toxic, replaced by less toxic alternatives - inactivate proteins - thiomersal: contains mercury, preserves vaccines - was pulled from all childhood vaccines after autism controversy
26
chemical control: sterilizing gases
- microbicidal and sporocidal - ethylene oxide sterilization - combine w/ and inactivate DNA and proteins
27
biological control: natural methods
1. predation by bdellovibrio - toxic secretions kill similar species 2. bacteriophages - viruses that attack bacteria 3. bacteriocins - toxic secretions that kill similar species 4. fecal transplants - reducing microbiota by excess antibiotics - healthy microbiota from one individual, inoculating another - prebiotics first
28
antimicrobial chemotherapy
- antimicrobial agents treat disease - kill or inhibit pathogens - used within body - antibiotics
29
characteristics of antimicrobial chemotherapy
1. selective toxicity 2. therapeutic dose 3. toxic dose 4. narrow spectrum drugs 5. broad spectrum drugs
30
selective toxicity
kill/inhibit pathogen without damaging host
31
therapeutic dose
dose required to treat infection
32
narrow spectrum drugs
genera, species - ideal
33
broad spectrum drugs
- can kill "good" bacteria but can also wipe out multiple pathogens
34
determining level of antimicrobial activity: methods
kirby-bauer - zones of inhibition
35
antibiotics: inhibitors of cell wall synthesis
penicillins - B-lactam ring - inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis - penicillinase: cuts C-N bond in ring (resistance to penicillin) - transpeptidase inhibition (amino acid linking) - most effective in dividing bacteria - direct binding to active site - selective toxicity: only bacteria have peptidoglycan layer
36
antibiotics: protein synthesis inhibitors
- specific to ribosomes - tRNA binding, mRNA reading - tetracyclines - broad spectrum, bacteriostatic - inhibits binding of tRNA
37
antibiotics: metabolic antagonists (list types)
1. antimetabolites 2. sulfonamides or sulfa drugs
38
antimetabolites
- type of metabolic antagonist - block metabolic pathways - broad spectrum, usually bacteriostatic
39
sulfonamides
- type of metabolic antagonist - compete with PABA for binding site - selective toxicity: bacteria synthesize folic acid rather than ingest it
40
antibiotics: nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors
- variety of mechanisms - DNA and transcription blocking - fluoroquinolones
41
fluoroquinolones
- nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor - broad spectrum - inhibits DNA gyrase (which eases strain) and topoisomerase IV
42
topoisomerase IV
breaks hydrogen bonds to form separate chromosomes
43
drug resistance
- major public health issue - 70% of antibiotic use = livestock - increased animal yield - improper prescribing - "superbugs"
44
superbugs
- drug-resistant 1. methicillin resistant staph aureus (MRSA) - MecA resistance gene producing another transpeptidase 2. vancomycin-resistant enterococci - cell wall is altered in AA side chain, prevents drug from binding 3. carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae - carbapenemase (penicillinase) breaks B-lactam ring
45
drug resistance mechanisms
1. preventing access, modifying target - outer membrane prevents drug from entering - altering TP 2. inactivation of drug - penicillinase 3. drug efflux - active transporters removing things from cells - some pump antibiotics out
46
transmission of drug resistance
- spontaneous DNA mutation - immunity genes - found in bacteria that produce antibiotics - share info with another cell via horizontal gene transfer (conjugation, transduction, transformation)
47
overcoming drug resistance
- give in appropriate concentrations - correct use by patient

Microbio (11 decks)

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