Viruses Flashcards
Researchers exposed patients to viruses that infects cows, hoping it would provide immunity against a similar virus that infects humans
Jennerian Vaccine
Vaccine developers took a whole virus and modified it to be less deadly but still alive
Attenuated vaccine
Developed by scientists to block the re-activation of latent viruses, these therapies are administered after a patient contracts a disease to limit severity or re-occurance
Anti-Viral drug
Scientists isolated a toxin produced by a microbe and developed a vaccine to fight the effects of the toxin, instead of the whole organism
Toxoid vaccine
Researchers isolated a small part of a virus (like a spike) and use it to stimulate an immune response
Subunit Vaccine
Used primarily against bacteria, vaccine developers took polysaccharides from the outer coating of a bacterium, paired it with a protein adjuvant and use that to stimulate an immune response
Conjugate vaccine
Scientists heat- kill entire viruses or bacteria and use the while agent to produce an immune response
Inactivated vaccine
A virus that inserts its DNA into the host chromosome, leading to abnormalities in the DNA that could eventually cause cancer
Oncovirus
A virus that inserts its DNA into the host chromosome so that at a later time, the viral DNA can excise itself and be used to produce more viral particles
Provirus
A virus that injects its DNA into a prokaryote, inserting the viral DNA into the host’s chromosome for later use
prophage
A RNA virus that uses reverse transcription to make cDNA. It inserts the cDNA into the host’s genome, causing abnormalities
Retrovirus
Non-cellular entities composed of a capsid containing a nucleic acid segment. They are obligate pathogens and require a host cell to reproduce
Virus
Non-cellular entities composed of just a small strand of RNA. Luckily, they only cause diseases in plants
Viroid
Non- cellular entities composed of misfiles proteins. They cause disease by misfolding other proteins, leading to plaques that damage nerve tissue
Prion
A dsDNA virus with a complex capsid that infects Prokaryotic cells
Bacteriophage
Virus sheds its outer layer, including the capsid and envelope (if present)
Uncoating
New viral particles are brought together to form new viruses
Assembly
Virus encounters and attaches to the surface of a susceptible host cell
adsorption
Viruses either cause lysis of the host cell, or slowly exit through exocytosis
Release
Virus uses surface spikes to gain entry and pass through the plasma membrane of the host cell
Penetration
DNA or RNA is used to generate new nucleic acid, cacpsomeres and spikes as needed
Synthesis
A mild virus frequently experienced by camels mutates and becomes capable of infecting human cells. In humans, the virus becomes much more virulent, often causing respiratory failure and death
Zoonosis
Human habitats, continue to expand, forcing people to build on property that is closer and closer into what used to be forest habitats. Close proximity to animal reservoirs increases the rick of infection
Spillover
A never-before-seen virus begins infecting people in South-Eastern Asia. Unlike anything scientists have documented before, they determine it is a mutated form of the flu, which is highly virulent and causes death.
Emerging Disease
Patients enter a hospital for a variety of reasons. While in the hospital, patients are exposed to many other infections that can only be caught/ contracted in hospitals.
Nosocomial infected
First proposed the existence of subcellular infectious agents, and termed them “viruses” which comes from latin for “poison”
Pasteur
Introduced a vaccine against polio in the 1950s
Salk
Developed the first vaccine against Smallpox using other animal pox strains, such as Cowpox and Horsepox
Jenner
Identified Tobacco Mosaic virus in the 1890’s
Ivanowski & Biejerinck
Every cell type we’ve ever discovered has been infected by at least one type of …
virus
Viruses can carry enzymes such as Polymerase and ….
Reverse Transcriptase
Viruses have driven the evolution of cell cellular life through an “arms race” of increasing offensive and …
defensive capabilities
There is currently no accepted ________, although several hypotheses exist
evolutionary history of viruses
