Viruses

Question 1

Researchers exposed patients to viruses that infects cows, hoping it would provide immunity against a similar virus that infects humans

Answer 1

Jennerian Vaccine

Question 2

Vaccine developers took a whole virus and modified it to be less deadly but still alive

Answer 2

Attenuated vaccine

Question 3

Developed by scientists to block the re-activation of latent viruses, these therapies are administered after a patient contracts a disease to limit severity or re-occurance

Answer 3

Anti-Viral drug

Question 4

Scientists isolated a toxin produced by a microbe and developed a vaccine to fight the effects of the toxin, instead of the whole organism

Answer 4

Toxoid vaccine

Question 5

Researchers isolated a small part of a virus (like a spike) and use it to stimulate an immune response

Answer 5

Subunit Vaccine

Question 6

Used primarily against bacteria, vaccine developers took polysaccharides from the outer coating of a bacterium, paired it with a protein adjuvant and use that to stimulate an immune response

Answer 6

Conjugate vaccine

Question 7

Scientists heat- kill entire viruses or bacteria and use the while agent to produce an immune response

Answer 7

Inactivated vaccine

Question 8

A virus that inserts its DNA into the host chromosome, leading to abnormalities in the DNA that could eventually cause cancer

Answer 8

Oncovirus

Question 9

A virus that inserts its DNA into the host chromosome so that at a later time, the viral DNA can excise itself and be used to produce more viral particles

Answer 9

Provirus

Question 10

A virus that injects its DNA into a prokaryote, inserting the viral DNA into the host’s chromosome for later use

Answer 10

prophage

Question 11

A RNA virus that uses reverse transcription to make cDNA. It inserts the cDNA into the host’s genome, causing abnormalities

Answer 11

Retrovirus

Question 12

Non-cellular entities composed of a capsid containing a nucleic acid segment. They are obligate pathogens and require a host cell to reproduce

Answer 12

Virus

Question 13

Non-cellular entities composed of just a small strand of RNA. Luckily, they only cause diseases in plants

Answer 13

Viroid

Question 14

Non- cellular entities composed of misfiles proteins. They cause disease by misfolding other proteins, leading to plaques that damage nerve tissue

Answer 14

Prion

Question 15

A dsDNA virus with a complex capsid that infects Prokaryotic cells

Answer 15

Bacteriophage

Question 16

Virus sheds its outer layer, including the capsid and envelope (if present)

Answer 16

Uncoating

Question 17

New viral particles are brought together to form new viruses

Answer 17

Assembly

Question 18

Virus encounters and attaches to the surface of a susceptible host cell

Answer 18

adsorption

Question 19

Viruses either cause lysis of the host cell, or slowly exit through exocytosis

Answer 19

Release

Question 20

Virus uses surface spikes to gain entry and pass through the plasma membrane of the host cell

Answer 20

Penetration

Question 21

DNA or RNA is used to generate new nucleic acid, cacpsomeres and spikes as needed

Answer 21

Synthesis

Question 22

A mild virus frequently experienced by camels mutates and becomes capable of infecting human cells. In humans, the virus becomes much more virulent, often causing respiratory failure and death

Answer 22

Zoonosis

Question 23

Human habitats, continue to expand, forcing people to build on property that is closer and closer into what used to be forest habitats. Close proximity to animal reservoirs increases the rick of infection

Answer 23

Spillover

Question 24

A never-before-seen virus begins infecting people in South-Eastern Asia. Unlike anything scientists have documented before, they determine it is a mutated form of the flu, which is highly virulent and causes death.

Answer 24

Emerging Disease

Question 25

Patients enter a hospital for a variety of reasons. While in the hospital, patients are exposed to many other infections that can only be caught/ contracted in hospitals.

Answer 25

Nosocomial infected

Question 26

First proposed the existence of subcellular infectious agents, and termed them “viruses” which comes from latin for “poison”

Answer 26

Pasteur

Question 27

Introduced a vaccine against polio in the 1950s

Answer 27

Salk

Question 28

Developed the first vaccine against Smallpox using other animal pox strains, such as Cowpox and Horsepox

Answer 28

Jenner

Question 29

Identified Tobacco Mosaic virus in the 1890’s

Answer 29

Ivanowski & Biejerinck

Question 30

Every cell type we’ve ever discovered has been infected by at least one type of …

Answer 30

virus

Question 31

Viruses can carry enzymes such as Polymerase and ….

Answer 31

Reverse Transcriptase

Question 32

Viruses have driven the evolution of cell cellular life through an “arms race” of increasing offensive and …

Answer 32

defensive capabilities

Question 33

There is currently no accepted ________, although several hypotheses exist

Answer 33

evolutionary history of viruses