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Bio 2 > New Frontiers in Evolutionary Biology > Flashcards

New Frontiers in Evolutionary Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How are genes regulated?

A

Epigenetics

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2
Q

How do genes evolve over time?

A

Genome Evolution

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3
Q

What do gene sequences tell us about evolutionary relationships between species?

A

Molecular Phyogenetics

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4
Q

What are the functions of the genes in an organism ?

A

Systems biology and bioinformatics

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5
Q

How do genes guide embryological development ?

A

Evolutionary Development

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6
Q

A computer algorithm and software package that allows researchers to quickly upload and compare sequences from species against online databases of samples from other species in hopes of finding homologous sequences

A

BLAST

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7
Q

Determining the location of every gene on a chromosome, as well as the function of every gene

A

Gene Mapping

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8
Q

Calculating the accumulation of sequence differences between diverse species following a sequence alignment

A

Sequence Divergence

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9
Q

Collecting sequence samples from many different individuals from the same species to create a “consensus “ sequence that identifies the genes that are shared by all individuals of that species

A

Reference Sequences

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10
Q

Collecting and compiling information from reference sequences to create a complete sequence of all the nucleotides, in order, found on every chromosome of a species.

A

Whole Genome Sequence

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11
Q

Genetically modifying a sequence of DNA to include a mutation that inactivates a gene in a model organism so researchers can see what effect that broken gene has on the phenotype of the organism

A

Gene Knock outs

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12
Q

Arranging sequence data from multiple different species to find where sequences overlap and where homologs are present , as well as where changes to the sequences have accumulated.

A

Sequence Alignment

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13
Q

What is true about the evolution of genomes ?

A

Studying genomes allows for the comparison of diverse taxa even if they do not share any morphological similarities

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14
Q

UUU changes to UUA

A

NON- synonymous

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15
Q

GGU changes to GGC

A

Synonymous

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16
Q

UAC changes to UAG

A

NON- synonymous

17
Q

UAA changes to UAG

A

Synonymous

18
Q

UAU changes to UAC

A

Synonymous

19
Q

Kimura’s Neutral Theory

A
  • Many mutations are selectively neutral
    -Neutral mutations can be influenced by genetic drift
  • Mutations occur by chance
  • Many mutations are not acted upon by selection
20
Q

The snc5 gene codes for a protein that activates the expression of the hrmp1 gene

A

Regulatory Gene

21
Q

A sequence of DNA that does not code for the formation of a protein, but has other functions within the genome

A

Non- coding gene

22
Q

A gene that codes for a protein that is needed to build structures or perform functions within a cell

A

Structural Gene

23
Q

A gene that codes for regulatory proteins that can activate or de-activate other genes

A

Regulatory Gene

24
Q

A transposon, that can move and interrupt gene sequences, leading to dysregulation or a loss of gene expression

A

Non- coding gene

25
Q

The gene that codes for the protein Titin, which is a critical component of muscle cells and tissues

A

Structural gene

26
Q

Cell differentiation and specialization

A

-Genes that control and regulate the expression of structural genes determine what features a cell will have

  • Changes to gene expression and regulation can cause a normal cell to become cancerous
  • Cancer cells are dysregulated cells that have lost their cell specialization due to improper gene expression
  • Changes in gene expression and regulation can have major effects on the phenotype of a cell
27
Q

The gene HoxA4 is present and activated in species as distantly related as sea urchins, fruit flies , fish and mammals

A

Evo- Devo rule 2

28
Q

The silencing of genes in skin cells that produce hair follicles due to the binding of methyl groups leads to the absence of hair in some mammal species

A

Epigenetics

29
Q

A mutation in homebox gene HoxA7 leads to the development of a 4th set of legs on a fruit fly

A

Evo Devo rule 1

Bio 2 (11 decks)

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