Plants Flashcards
Unifying traits in Kingdom Plantae
- Embryophyte
- land/terrestrial plant
- photoautotroph
- non motile
- multi-cellular eukaryotes
- cell wall contain carbohydrate cellulose which provides structure and protection against lysis
Primitive traits (charophycean/ green algae)
- charophytes , charophyceans ,stoneworts
- obligate aquatic organsim
- capable of surviving only brief periods of desiccation
- no turgor pressure
Plesiomorphic traits between Charophycean (green algae) & Terrestrial Embryophytes
- non motile , multicellular eukaryotes
- capable of photosynthesis
- cells walls are made of cellulose by structures in the plasma membrane
- plasmodesmata ( cell- to - cell )
- sporopollenin coating on their reproductive spore
- flagellated sperm cells
- shared nuclear , chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA
Synapomorphic traits shared among all terrestrial Embyrophytes
- alternation of generations life cycle
- growth occurs at the tips
- optimized photosynthetic pigments for terrestrial life
- UV shielding pigments to prevent DNA damage
- waxy cuticle to prevent water loss through dermal tissues
- stomata with guard cells
- mutualism with mycorrhizal fungi to improve water uptake
- enclosed gates inside multicellular gametangia
- internal fertilization and enclosed embryos
- enclosed, multicellular sporangia
Which adaptations help prevent desiccation in terrestrial habitats ?
- sporopollenin coating on their reproductive spores
- UV shielding pigments to prevent DNA damage
- waxy cuticle to prevent water loss through dermal tissues
- stomata with guard cells
- mutualisms with mycorrhizal fungi to improve water uptake
- enclosed games
- internal fertilization and enclosed embryos
- enclosed, multicellular sporangia
What is sex
any process that increases genetic variation
what is reproduction
any process that creates offspring;
two acts can occur separately, with a sexual process not leading to the production of offspring or production of offspring not requiring sexual recombination
What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent
Sexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically diverse/different from parents
What is a haploid
cells in that organism have one copy of each chromosome
What is a diploid
cells contain two copies of each chromosome
What is the function of meiosis in all life cycles
process that divides that chromosomes number in half.
taking a diploid cell and through cell division , producing multiple haploid cells
What is the function of outcome of fertilization in life cycle
the fusion of compatible games (haploid) producing a diploid zygote or embryo
What is the sporophyte
the mature plant phase responsible for asexually producing spores through the process of meiosis.
- the diploid phase of cycle
- vascular plants, the dominant life phase
What is the gametophyte
mature plant phase responsible for producing gametes used in sexual recombination
- haploid
- non vascular plants, the dominant life phase
When is the plant in a sexual phase
gametophyte is the sexual phase that allows for sexual recombination of gametes
When is the plant in an asexual phase
sporophyte is the asexual phase that produces a large quantity of identical spores from a sporangium
What phase of the life cycle is dominant in non vascular plants
The gametophyte dominates in the non vascular plants.
- because it is larger and sporophyte must grow off or out of it to receive nutrition
What phase of the life cycle is dominant in the vascular plants
The sporophyte dominates in all vascular plants including the seedless vascular plants, the gymnosperms and the angiosperms.
- because the sporophyte is the larger life phase and the phase that is recognized as being the plant
How tall is the average liverwort
Thallus is less than 10cm
How tall is the average hornwort
sporophyte is around 5cm tall
How tall is the average moss
vary, average is under 15cm
Which one is the most likely outgroup to the seedless vascular plants
The hornworts are the most likely ancestor to the seedless vascular plants
What is a rhizoid
a very small hairlike structure at the bottom of the plant
- help the plant anchor itself to surface
- can absorb some water
Do non vascular plants have roots or leaves
No, these structures are not present in the non vascular plants.
- water enters the plant through all parts of its body including its “leaflets” or thallus and its rhizoids
- Photosynthetic tissue is spread out in all the green parts of the plant
What does “arche- “ mean
The female structure. (Joan of Arc)
What does “anthe” mean
The male structure (ant man)
Where would fertilization and growth of the sporophyte occur in a non vascular plant
The egg is fertilized inside the archegonium, where it develops into a zygote/ embryo and ultimately produces the sporophyte
- Sporophyte grows directly from the archegonial head and obtains nutrients from the female gametophyte
What environmental conditions are required for successful transfer of gametes during sexual reproduction in non vascular plants
Water is required.
- since non vascular plants are restricted to damp environments , water is almost always present.
What trait evolves in the seedless vascular plants that is not observed in their ancestors
Vascular tissue evolve
What are tracheids ?
Cells that function in transport of water and nutrients but they also provide a considerable amount of structure within the plant.
What evolutionary trend did tracheids cause?
Plants grew taller and taller and competed for sunlight
What is a Rhizome ?
A lateral growth structure capable of propagating new stems and roots from it
Rhizoid vs Rhizomes
Rhizomes can grow above or beneath the soil
True roots
Vascularized and capable of advanced water uptake into the vascular system
Of the phyla of seedless vascular plants, which is the only group to have true fibrous roots, rhizoids , stems and megaphyll leaves?
The true ferns are the most advanced of the seedless vascular plants and have all of those structures
Which groups of seedless vascular plants are homosporous ?
Lycophyta (club mosses)
Psilophyta (whisk ferns)
Equisetophyta (horsetails)
Ptereophyta (true ferns)
Which groups of seedless vascular plants are heterosporous ?
Lycophyta (spike mosses and quillworts )
What do the prefixes “mega “ & “micro” mean
Mega refers to female structures
Micro refers to male
Is reproduction in the seedless vascular plants still water - dependent?
Yes, all seedless vascular plants have flagellated sperm cells which must swim from the anteridium to the archegonium
