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Bio 2 > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

Unifying traits in Kingdom Plantae

A
  • Embryophyte
  • land/terrestrial plant
  • photoautotroph
  • non motile
  • multi-cellular eukaryotes
  • cell wall contain carbohydrate cellulose which provides structure and protection against lysis
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2
Q

Primitive traits (charophycean/ green algae)

A
  • charophytes , charophyceans ,stoneworts
  • obligate aquatic organsim
  • capable of surviving only brief periods of desiccation
  • no turgor pressure
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3
Q

Plesiomorphic traits between Charophycean (green algae) & Terrestrial Embryophytes

A
  • non motile , multicellular eukaryotes
  • capable of photosynthesis
  • cells walls are made of cellulose by structures in the plasma membrane
  • plasmodesmata ( cell- to - cell )
  • sporopollenin coating on their reproductive spore
  • flagellated sperm cells
  • shared nuclear , chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA
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4
Q

Synapomorphic traits shared among all terrestrial Embyrophytes

A
  • alternation of generations life cycle
  • growth occurs at the tips
  • optimized photosynthetic pigments for terrestrial life
  • UV shielding pigments to prevent DNA damage
  • waxy cuticle to prevent water loss through dermal tissues
  • stomata with guard cells
  • mutualism with mycorrhizal fungi to improve water uptake
  • enclosed gates inside multicellular gametangia
  • internal fertilization and enclosed embryos
  • enclosed, multicellular sporangia
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5
Q

Which adaptations help prevent desiccation in terrestrial habitats ?

A
  • sporopollenin coating on their reproductive spores
  • UV shielding pigments to prevent DNA damage
  • waxy cuticle to prevent water loss through dermal tissues
  • stomata with guard cells
  • mutualisms with mycorrhizal fungi to improve water uptake
  • enclosed games
  • internal fertilization and enclosed embryos
  • enclosed, multicellular sporangia
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6
Q

What is sex

A

any process that increases genetic variation

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7
Q

what is reproduction

A

any process that creates offspring;

two acts can occur separately, with a sexual process not leading to the production of offspring or production of offspring not requiring sexual recombination

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8
Q

What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction

A

Asexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent

Sexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically diverse/different from parents

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9
Q

What is a haploid

A

cells in that organism have one copy of each chromosome

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10
Q

What is a diploid

A

cells contain two copies of each chromosome

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11
Q

What is the function of meiosis in all life cycles

A

process that divides that chromosomes number in half.

taking a diploid cell and through cell division , producing multiple haploid cells

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12
Q

What is the function of outcome of fertilization in life cycle

A

the fusion of compatible games (haploid) producing a diploid zygote or embryo

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13
Q

What is the sporophyte

A

the mature plant phase responsible for asexually producing spores through the process of meiosis.

  • the diploid phase of cycle
  • vascular plants, the dominant life phase
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14
Q

What is the gametophyte

A

mature plant phase responsible for producing gametes used in sexual recombination

  • haploid
  • non vascular plants, the dominant life phase
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15
Q

When is the plant in a sexual phase

A

gametophyte is the sexual phase that allows for sexual recombination of gametes

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16
Q

When is the plant in an asexual phase

A

sporophyte is the asexual phase that produces a large quantity of identical spores from a sporangium

17
Q

What phase of the life cycle is dominant in non vascular plants

A

The gametophyte dominates in the non vascular plants.

  • because it is larger and sporophyte must grow off or out of it to receive nutrition
18
Q

What phase of the life cycle is dominant in the vascular plants

A

The sporophyte dominates in all vascular plants including the seedless vascular plants, the gymnosperms and the angiosperms.

  • because the sporophyte is the larger life phase and the phase that is recognized as being the plant
19
Q

How tall is the average liverwort

A

Thallus is less than 10cm

20
Q

How tall is the average hornwort

A

sporophyte is around 5cm tall

21
Q

How tall is the average moss

A

vary, average is under 15cm

22
Q

Which one is the most likely outgroup to the seedless vascular plants

A

The hornworts are the most likely ancestor to the seedless vascular plants

23
Q

What is a rhizoid

A

a very small hairlike structure at the bottom of the plant

  • help the plant anchor itself to surface
  • can absorb some water
24
Q

Do non vascular plants have roots or leaves

A

No, these structures are not present in the non vascular plants.

  • water enters the plant through all parts of its body including its “leaflets” or thallus and its rhizoids
  • Photosynthetic tissue is spread out in all the green parts of the plant
25
Q

What does “arche- “ mean

A

The female structure. (Joan of Arc)

26
Q

What does “anthe” mean

A

The male structure (ant man)

27
Q

Where would fertilization and growth of the sporophyte occur in a non vascular plant

A

The egg is fertilized inside the archegonium, where it develops into a zygote/ embryo and ultimately produces the sporophyte

  • Sporophyte grows directly from the archegonial head and obtains nutrients from the female gametophyte
28
Q

What environmental conditions are required for successful transfer of gametes during sexual reproduction in non vascular plants

A

Water is required.

  • since non vascular plants are restricted to damp environments , water is almost always present.
29
Q

What trait evolves in the seedless vascular plants that is not observed in their ancestors

A

Vascular tissue evolve

30
Q

What are tracheids ?

A

Cells that function in transport of water and nutrients but they also provide a considerable amount of structure within the plant.

31
Q

What evolutionary trend did tracheids cause?

A

Plants grew taller and taller and competed for sunlight

32
Q

What is a Rhizome ?

A

A lateral growth structure capable of propagating new stems and roots from it

33
Q

Rhizoid vs Rhizomes

A

Rhizomes can grow above or beneath the soil

34
Q

True roots

A

Vascularized and capable of advanced water uptake into the vascular system

35
Q

Of the phyla of seedless vascular plants, which is the only group to have true fibrous roots, rhizoids , stems and megaphyll leaves?

A

The true ferns are the most advanced of the seedless vascular plants and have all of those structures

36
Q

Which groups of seedless vascular plants are homosporous ?

A

Lycophyta (club mosses)

Psilophyta (whisk ferns)

Equisetophyta (horsetails)

Ptereophyta (true ferns)

37
Q

Which groups of seedless vascular plants are heterosporous ?

A

Lycophyta (spike mosses and quillworts )

38
Q

What do the prefixes “mega “ & “micro” mean

A

Mega refers to female structures

Micro refers to male

39
Q

Is reproduction in the seedless vascular plants still water - dependent?

A

Yes, all seedless vascular plants have flagellated sperm cells which must swim from the anteridium to the archegonium

Bio 2 (11 decks)

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