Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SBI3UP > viruses > Flashcards

viruses Flashcards

1
Q

what are viruses?

A

small particles that infect living cells to replicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

are viruses alive?

A

classified as non-living

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where are viruses said to have originated from?

A

fragments of genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

why do viruses blur the line between life and not life? (name 4/8 reasons)

A

do not maintain homeostasis
is not made of cells, no organelles
has different levels of cellular organization (nucleic acids, capsids)
does not grow
kind of reproduces - replicates
unknown whether responds to stimuli
uses host cell’s energy and material
mutates and evolves, adapts to surroundings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are capsids made out of?

A

capsomere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is a viron?

A

a singular virus particle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what comprises a virion?

A

genes and capsid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is a capsid?

A

a protective protein shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

why don’t antibiotics work on viruses?

A

viruses don’t perform basic life processes, the medication targets those processes in bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how does antiviral medication work?

A

interferes with replication/viral synthesis, binding + release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a prion?

A

an abnormally folded, infectious, brain protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how are prions thought to be spread?

A

food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what do prions cause?

A

degenerative brain diseases (mad cow, kuru)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is a viroid?

A

a small infectious particle that infects plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

describe a viroid

A

no protein coat, only short stretches of RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what stores a virus’s genetic information?

A

nucleic acid core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

describe structural differences between DNA and RNA

A

both made of phosphate + ribose + nitrogenous base, RNA has one more OH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is a retrovirus?

A

virus which originally has a genome of RNA, but is reverse transcribed into DNA in the host

19
Q

what is involved in reverse transcription?

A

reverse transcriptase, cDNA, DNA polymerase

20
Q

what is cDNA?

A

single-stranded DNA made from reverse transcribing RNA

21
Q

what is a provirus?

A

virus that has incorporated its genome into the host cell

22
Q

how is the host cell recognized? (structure)

A

spike protein/protein spike

23
Q

on which viruses are envelopes found?

A

animal viruses

24
Q

what (on the envelope) helps the virus binds to the host cell

A

viral proteins

25
Q

what structure is unique to the bacteriophage?

A

tail
made of: tube sheath, tail fibres, end plate, spikes

26
Q

what does the tail of a virus do?

A

shortens + contracts then injects the nucleic acid core into the cell

27
Q

how do plant viruses enter?

A

tiny rips in cell wall

28
Q

how do animal viruses enter?

A

endocytosis

29
Q

name the 4 step process for viral replication

A

attachment, synthesis, assembly, release

30
Q

what are virulent phages?

A

phages that only replicate through lytic cycles

31
Q

what are temperate phages?

A

phages that alternate between lytic and lysogenic cycles

32
Q

what occurs during a lytic cycle at the end? (hint: to the cell)

A

lysis

33
Q

what occurs during a lysogenic cycle?

A

nothing of note, genes do not take over the cell immediately

34
Q

what does a lysogenic cycle manifest as for the body overall? (think covid)

A

asymptomatic periods with occasional flare ups

35
Q

what is another word for viruses in the lysogenic cycle?

A

dormant - virus co-exists/is integrated into bacterial DNA

36
Q

what happens if a dormant virus is triggered?

A

becomes virulent again, moves to lytic cycle

37
Q

what can trigger a dormant virus?

A

DNA damage, temperature change, loss of necessary nutrients

38
Q

how can bacteriophages be helpful? (hint: our bodies)

A

kills harmful bacteria in our mucus

39
Q

what is gene therapy?

A

process in which viruses are used as vectors to carry altered DNA to infected cells

40
Q

what are vectors?

A

carriers of DNA/nucleic material into another cell

41
Q

how do viral-vector vaccines work?

A

another virus is weakened and genetically engineered such that it can produce viral proteins of another virus in the body

42
Q

how do nucleic-acid vaccines work?

A

uses genetic information for a viral protein that triggers an immune response

43
Q

what is the purpose of vaccines?

A

build T and B lymphocytes that will remember how to fight the virus (recall: antibody graph w 2 curves)

44
Q

how do viroids replicate?

A

host cell makes copies of the viroid - no instructions for protein synthesis

SBI3UP (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions