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prokaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

who discovered archaea?

A

Carl Woese

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2
Q

what was the third new domain that Woese discovered? and what kingdoms did it comprise.

A

monera, split into eubacteria and archaea

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3
Q

what is an endosymbiont?

A

an organism that lives in the body of another

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4
Q

what are the 2 classifications of bacteria?

A

gram-positive, gram-negative

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5
Q

what are 2 characteristics of gram-positive bacteria?

A

thicker walls/peptidoglycan layers, stain purple (positive)

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6
Q

what’s the first amino acid in all archaea and eukaryote proteins?

A

methionine

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7
Q

what’s the first amino acid in all bacteria proteins?

A

formylmethionine

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8
Q

what is the DNA organization of archaea?

A

circular with histones

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9
Q

what is the DNA organization of bacteria?

A

circular (w/o histones)

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10
Q

what is the DNA organization of eukaryotes?

A

circular with histones

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11
Q

bacteria that require oxygen are called

A

obligate aerobes

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12
Q

what are facultative aerobes?

A

bacteria that can perform aerobic respiration when oxygen is present, and perform anaerobic respiration/fermentation when it is not

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13
Q

what are obligate anaerobes?

A

bacteria that cannot live where oxygen is present

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14
Q

list the subgroups of the phylum euryarchaeota

A

methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles (lithotrophs), psychrophiles

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15
Q

what is a requirement for methanogens’ environment?

A

anoxic/low oxygen

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16
Q

where can methanogens be found?

A

wetlands, digestive tracts

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17
Q

how do methanogens generate energy?

A

methanogenesis

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18
Q

where can halophiles be found?

A

environments with high salt concentration
dead sea, salt-preserved foods

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19
Q

where do halophiles get most their energy from?

A

food + air, some can use light

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20
Q

where can thermophiles be found?

A

extreme environments
hot springs, hydrothermal vents on ocean floor

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21
Q

what is said to be oldest/least evolved branch of the archaea phylogenetic tree?

A

thermophilic archaea

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22
Q

what is the final electron acceptor for thermophiles (archaea?)

A

sulfur

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23
Q

lithotropic means

A

able to oxidize sulfur and create sulfuric acid as a form of energy

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24
Q

where can lithotrophs be found?

A

low pH, extremely acidic environments

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25
Q

where can psychrophiles be found?

A

cold environments
arctic oceans

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26
Q

how many chromosomes do bacteria have?

A

1

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27
Q

what are the 2 forms in which bacteria carry DNA?

A

1 nucleoid: single loop of DNA
multiple plasmids: smaller loops of DNA, are not essential for cellular functions

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28
Q

on the outside of bacteria is… (name structures)

A

small hairlike pili
1+ flagella

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29
Q

how do bacteria reproduce? (recap)

A

asexually, binary fission

30
Q

bacterial DNA is… (3 properties)

A

naked (no histones), no proteins associated, a singular circular chromosome in nucleoid

31
Q

archaeal DNA is…

A

sometimes “naked” and sometimes possess histones

32
Q

what are the extra small pieces of DNA in bacteria called?

A

plasmids

33
Q

what do plasmids carry?

A

a few, non-essential genes that often provide benefits to the cell

34
Q

what are inclusions?

A

vesicles in bacteria

35
Q

what can inclusions include?

A

air (buoyancy), food granules (glycogen, sulfur)

36
Q

what are vesicles in bacteria called?

A

inclusions

37
Q

usually which type of bacteria are pathogenic?

A

gram-negative

38
Q

what is are pilli used for?

A

transferring genetic material (plasmids) through cells, sticking to surfaces

39
Q

name 4 methods that bacteria use to move

A

change in buoyancy, bacterial gliding, flagella, twitching motility

40
Q

how do bacteria use flagella to move?

A

it rotates and is driven at the base

41
Q

what is the theory for how bacterial gliding is achieved?

A

bacteria ejects slime and moves pili to push itself around

42
Q

how does twitching motility work?

A

special pili used as a hook, pulls bacteria along

43
Q

how do cyanobacteria use changes in buoyancy to move?

A

their internal gas vesicles regulate buoyancy in water

44
Q

what compound is present in gram-positive bacteria that causes the purple stain?

A

more peptidoglycan

45
Q

name the 6 shapes of bacteria (circle, slightly stretched, bean, more stretched, wave, coil)

A

coccus, coccobacillus, vibrio, bacillus, spirillum, spirochete

46
Q

what is the prefix for bacteria found in pairs?

A

diplo-

47
Q

what is the prefix for bacteria found in clusters?

A

staphylo-

48
Q

what is the prefix for bacteria found in chains?

A

strepto-

49
Q

what word is used for groups of bacteria in 4s and 8s? (2)

A

4: tetrad, 8: sarcina

50
Q

what are dormant cells called?

A

endospores

51
Q

what type of cell can form dormant cells?

A

bacilli (rod-shaped)

52
Q

how do bacilli breathe?

A

they’re facultative anaerobes

53
Q

why do endospores form?

A

the bacteria detects an unfavorable environment

54
Q

what separates DNA from the rest of the cell during endosporulation?

A

spore septum

55
Q

what is the compound that stabilizes the proteins and DNA in the endospore?

A

calcium dipicolinate

56
Q

what is the extra layer that is added to the cell wall called? (during endosporulation)

A

spore coat

57
Q

what occurs in the final stage of endosporulation?

A

dehydration

58
Q

what is the purpose of the proteins that saturate the endospore’s DNA?

A

carbon + energy source during regermination, protects DNA

59
Q

list things that the cortex is resistant to (endospore)

A

temperature, UV light, most chemicals

60
Q

why is the dehydration of the endospore important? (speculated)

A

to resist heat and radiation

61
Q

what happens when the spore regerminates? (hint: enzymes)

A

DNA repair enzymes repair damaged DNA

62
Q

how does an endospore get activated?

A

rupturing the spore coat
by heat or water

63
Q

what shape are spirochetes?

A

helical

64
Q

how does binary fission occur?

A

DNA replicated, cross wall divides cell into 2 identical bacterium

65
Q

what is bacterial sexual reproduction also known as?

A

conjugation, horizontal gene transfer

66
Q

what are the 2 involved bacteria in sexual reproduction called?

A

the donor and the recipient

67
Q

how does bacterial sexual reproduction work?

A

donor produces a sex pilus that attaches to the recipient and transfers plasmids

68
Q

why are prokaryotic populations highly adaptable to changing conditions?

A

short generation time, genetic variability/mutations

69
Q

what are antibiotics?

A

substances that restrict the growth of another microorganism

70
Q

how can antibiotics work?

A

destroy bacteria by inhibiting cell processes, prevent bacterial reproduction by inhibiting binary fission

71
Q

list ways in which bacteria can resist an antibiotic

A

impermeability - modified cell wall protein, inactivation - reduce antibiotic’s ability to bind to ribosomes, pump out, modification

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