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Immunology/Microbiology > Virulence Factors > Flashcards

Virulence Factors Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

opportunistic infection

A

an infection caused by a microorganism that does NOT usually cause a disease in a health individual

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2
Q

nosocomial

A

hospital acquired

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3
Q

_______is the ability of an organism to cause disease

A

virulence

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4
Q

_________are products that the organism generates which enable it to survive and cause disease

A

virulence factors

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5
Q

What are the five steps in the infection process

A 
enter
adhere/colonize
gain access to nutrients
multiply
escape
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6
Q

___________is an infection transmitted to a human from an infected animal

A

zoonosis

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7
Q

salmonella, shigella and ecoli all gain entry via

A

ingestion

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8
Q

mycobacterium and legionella all gain entry by

A

inhalation

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9
Q

clostridium tetani gains entry via

A

trauma

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10
Q

staphylcoccus epidermidis and S. aureus enter the body commonly via

A

needle stick

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11
Q

borelia, ehrlichia, rickettsia all gain entry via

A

arthropod bite

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12
Q

neisseria and chlamyida gain entry to body vvia

A

sexual transmission

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13
Q

________are used for adhesion to the cell/tissues

A

pilli

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14
Q

___________are used for tight binding to host cells

A

adhesins

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15
Q

________trigger host cell cellular actin rearrangement

A

invasion proteins

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16
Q

what are the three functions of pili

A

attachment
motility
conjugation

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17
Q

______is a structure surrounding the cell usually composed of polysaccharides

A

capsule

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18
Q

_________has a capsule but is usualy because it is not composed of polysaccahrides

A

bacillus anthracis

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19
Q

What are the functions of the capsule

A

adherence, prevent dehydration, nutrient source, and avoid phagocytosis

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20
Q

what type of stain can show a capsule

A

india ink

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21
Q

__________is a community of microorganisms encased within an exopolysaccharide matrix attached to a solid surface or to eachother

A

biofilm

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22
Q

what causes biofilms to be resistant to antibiotics

A

dome of polysaccharides

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23
Q

what types of bacteria use M cells for invasion of host cells

A

shigella, salmonella, listeria, yersinia, and enteropathogenic ecoli

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24
Q

____________produces hyaluronidase which functions as what

A

streptococcus

breaks down the polysaccharide component responsible for binding cells together

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25
Q

_____produces elastase which functions as

A

pseudomonas

breaks down elastin in the skin and connective tissue

26
Q

staphylocucucs aureus produces

A

coagulase

27
Q

streptococcus pneumoniae produces

A

IgA protease

28
Q

____________are proteins produce and secreted by the bacterium into the extracellular environment

A

exotoxins

29
Q

___________are proteins produce in or within the cell

A

endotoxin

30
Q

example of an endotoxin is

A

LPS found in gram negative bacteria

31
Q

___________interfere with neural transmission

A

neurotoxins

32
Q

vibrio cholera is a great example for having what type of toxin

A

enterotoxin

33
Q

phospholipase is produced by

A

clostridium perfringens

34
Q

streptolysin O is produced by

A

s pyogenes

35
Q

what is an example of an AB toxin

A

diptheria

36
Q

A subunit of diptheria toxin is the

A

active portion

37
Q

the B sunit of dipethia toxin

A

binds to the receptor and transports the toxin into the target cell

38
Q

action of dipetheria toxin

A

ADP ribosyl transferase inactivates elongation factor 2 which inhibits host protein synthesis

39
Q

diptheria toxin inactivates what

A

elongation factor 2

40
Q

cholera toxin

A

increases adenlylate cycle

41
Q

C tetani toxin

A

continous stimulation by excitator transmitter

42
Q

c botulinum

A

toxin blocks release of acetylchline from vesicles

43
Q

endotoxin is only found in

A

gram negative bacteria

44
Q

where is endotoxin found

A

outer membrane

45
Q

mechanism of LPS

A

binds Cd14 and toll like receptor 4 on monocytes and macrophages which induces Il-1 and TNF-alpha production which activates the complement pathway leading to vasodilation and stimulates B cells to produce antibodies leading to hypotension and shock

46
Q

______injects proteins DIRECTLY into host cell via a syringe like apparatus

A

type III secretion system

47
Q

benefit of type III secretion system

A

only produced when needed, doesn’t dilute toxins in the environment, protects toxins from possible antibodies

48
Q

examples of bacteria that have a type III secretion sysytem

A

salmonella, pseudomonas, yersinia and ecoli

49
Q

what are two things that are used by the bacteria that prevent phagocytosis ?

A

capsule and the M protein

50
Q

______are produced by staphylococcus and streptococcus to destroy leukocytes and macrophages

A

leukocidins

51
Q

___________________change in structure of surface antigens therefore antibodies do NOT recognize bacteria

A

antigenic variaion

52
Q

__________bacteria camofloage themselves with host proteins

A

molecular mimicry

53
Q

what bacteria is known to prevent phagosome/lysosome fusoin

A

mycobacterium

54
Q

what is known to escape the phagosome

A

listeria and rickettsia

55
Q

what bacteria can breakdown hydrogen peroxide

A

staphylcocci

56
Q

what bacteria can inactivate antibodies

A

N gonorrhoea IgA proease

57
Q

what bacteria can inactivate complement

A

S pyogenes (C5a protease)

58
Q

genes that encode for virulence factors are located on

A

chromosome, plasmids, bacteriophages and transposons

59
Q

________the production of different virulence factors is regulated according to their need at different stages of the infections process

A

quorum sensing

60
Q

_______is a cell density dependent microbila communication system

A

quorum sensing

Immunology/Microbiology (10 decks)

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