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Immunology/Microbiology > Bacterial Structure and Classification-Dr. Kell Lecture > Flashcards

Bacterial Structure and Classification-Dr. Kell Lecture Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microbiology includes

A

viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites

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2
Q

what are the three different ways to classify bacteria

A

phenotypic methods, analyitic and genotypic

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3
Q

chocolate agar is known as a

A

selective agar

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4
Q

MaConkey is good for screening for

A

gram neg bacteria

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5
Q

___is type of agar used for hemolysis

A

blood agar

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6
Q

alpha hemolysis

A

partial hemolysis of RBC’s

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7
Q

beta hemolysis

A

all blood cells are lysed

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8
Q

gamma hemolysis

A

no hemolysis

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9
Q

What are some examples of organisms that grow on chocolate agar

A

fastidious organisms, H. influenze, and N. gonorrhea

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10
Q

________-type of agar selects for enterics

A

Macconkey

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11
Q

________inhibits gram positive organisms

A

MacConkey

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12
Q

_______differentiates between lactose fermenters and nonfermenters

A

Maconkey agar

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13
Q

if something grows on buffered charcoal yeast it is probably

A

legionella

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14
Q

if something grows on sabouraud dextrose it probably is

A

candida albicans

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15
Q

if something gorws on lowenstein jensin it is

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis

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16
Q

what are the reagents used in a gram stain procedure

A

crystal violet, grams iodine, decolorizer and safranin

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17
Q

gram positive bacteria appear _____on a gram stain

A

purple

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18
Q

gram negative bacteria appear ______on a gram stain

A

pink or red

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19
Q

acid fast staining is particularly useful in staining

A

cell walls that contain waxes such as mycobacterium and nocardia sp

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20
Q

__________ and ______-do NOT gram stain

A

mycobacteirm and nocardia sp

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21
Q

if something appears to have grown “red snappers” and their cell walls contain waxes what is the most likely type of bacteira

A

mycobacterium sp

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22
Q

catalase tests for

A

streptococci and staphhylococci (+)

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23
Q

coagulase test for

A

staphylococci aurieus (+) between other staphylococci

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24
Q

indole test for

A

enterics and ecoli (+)

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25
Q

the urease test tests for

A

proteus species

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26
Q

the _________test for presence of cytochrome oxidase C and tests for __________-

A

oxidase test psuedomonas aeruginosa

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27
Q

serotyping

A

can identify those that are inert in biochemical testing, identify organisms that cannot be cultured, rapid identification, and involves antibody to organism sometimes flourecent tagging

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28
Q

________-are often used for gonorrhea and chlaymydia and look for specific sequences unique to a genus, species or subspecies

A

molecular probes

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29
Q

_________-is extrachromosomal DNA not essential for survival but are responsible for antimicrobial resistance and is more common in gram negative organisms

A

Plasmids

30
Q

plasmids are more common in what type of organism

A

gram negative

31
Q

what is the action of quinolones in gram negative bacteria

A

inhibition of DNA gyrase, unable to pack DNA into the cell, specific for bacterial DNA gyrase

32
Q

what is the action of quinolons in gram positive bacteria

A

inhibition of topoisomeriase IV

33
Q

what is the mechanism of flouroquinolones

A

bind two nuclear enzymes inhibitng DNA replication

34
Q

what are the different ribosome subunits in bacteria

A

30S and 50S=70S ribosome

35
Q

why is transcription and translation coupled in bacteira

A

allows the organism to grow very very quickly and you can have an enormous amount of growth

36
Q

chloroamphenicol, erthytromycin, tetraclcyine, and streptomycin all commonly do what ?

A

inhibit protein synthesis of antibiotics

37
Q

what type of bacteria have sterols

A

mycoplasma

38
Q

what is a mesosome

A

invagination where DNA binds to replicate; segregation of chromosomal DNA into daughter cells

39
Q

the bacterial cell wall is composed of what

A

peptidoglycan

40
Q

general characteristics of mycoplasma species

A

lack cell wall
sterols in membrane
require special media to grow
not visible on the gram stain

41
Q

what type of bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan

A

gram positive

42
Q

characteristics of gram positive peptidogycna

A

highly polar
surface is hydrophilic
lysozyme can digest, (bactericidal)
bile resistant

43
Q

__________interfere with the formation of the peptide side chains between adjacent strands of PTG by inhibitng the penicillin binding proteins

A

beta lacatam drugs

44
Q

________binds to the amino acid side chain of NAM molecules interfering with peptidoglycan synthesis

A

vancomycin

45
Q

___________interferes with the transport of peptidoglycan precursors across the cytoplasmic membrane

A

bacitracin

46
Q

__________inhibits reactions involved in the incorporation of alanine into the cell wall precursor

A

cyclyserine

47
Q

_________–bind to the terminal D ala, D alal residues preventing the incorporation of subunit into growing peptidoglycan

A

glycopeptides

48
Q

synthesis of peptidoglycan occurs in the

A

cytosol, cell membrane and periplasm or exteria

49
Q

teichoic acid and lipoteichoci acid are only found in

A

gram positive bacteira

50
Q

what is the purpose of teichoic and lipoteichoic acids

A

they are slightly immunogenic

51
Q

LPS is a characterisitc of

A

gram negative bacteria

52
Q

porin proteins are unique characteristics of

A

gram negative bacteria

53
Q

what are the three components of LPS (endotoxin)

A

O antigen, Core and Lipid A

54
Q

O antigen

A

linear polysaccharide with 50-100 repeating units with 407 sugars/unit used in serotyping

55
Q

Core

A

no associated activites, contains usual sugars, space between O antigen and Lipid A

56
Q

Lipid A

A

toxic portion, part that causes sepsis

57
Q

which type of bacteria has a thick or thin PPG

A

gram pos-thick

gram neg-thin

58
Q

characteristics of gram negative peptidoglycan

A

hydrophilic outer membrane, lipids add hydrophobic properties too

59
Q

outer membrane of gram neg

A

channels for passive diffusion-porins

attachment site for bacteriophages

60
Q

porins

A

permits entry of hydrophilic molecules, may restrict some antiseptics or disinfectants that act on cell membrane, restrict entry by size

61
Q

periplasmic space of gram neg

A

contains degradative enzymes, binding proteins, enzymes that inactivate antibiotics (beta lactamase)

62
Q

examples of enzymes that cleaves the beta lactam ring

A

penicillinases, cephalosporinases, ESBL’s

63
Q

what is the purpose of a capsule

A

protects from phagocytosis, buffers environment, protects from dehydration and adherence

64
Q

flagella

A

for motility and chemotaxis, are antigenic, long hollow helical filaments

65
Q

pili

A

mostly gram -

66
Q

organisms with pilli

A

escherichia coli and N gonorrhoea

67
Q

what species have spores

A

bacillus and clostridum (gram pos rod)

68
Q

what are two drugs that enhibit cell wall syntheiss

A

beta lactams and glycopeptides

69
Q

drugs that inhibit protein synthesis

A

aminoglycosides, tetraclycines, chloramphenicol and macrolides

70
Q

________ and _______are inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis

A

quinolones, and rifamycins

71
Q

___________are antimetabolites

A

sulfonamides and trimethoprim

Immunology/Microbiology (10 decks)

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