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Micro > Virology - Exam 4 > Flashcards

Virology - Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

who discovered the filterable infectious agent, toxin?

A

Ivanoski

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2
Q

who discovered agent multiplied only in cells, the actual virus?

A

Beijerinck

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3
Q

who discovered viral structure under EM?

A

Stanley

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4
Q

who discovered first proof of viral infections in animals?

A

Loeffler & Frosch

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5
Q

who vaccinated first against rabies but was unable to find the causative agent?

A

Pasteur

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6
Q

importance of cow pox virus

A

milkmaids, cows, pustules, inoculation/vaccination

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7
Q

definition of viruses

A

broad terminology, infectious or inactivated virus particle, or viral nucleic acid and protein in infected host cell

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8
Q

definition of virology

A

study of viruses and viral diseases

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9
Q

definition of virologist

A

someone who studies viruses

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10
Q

definition of veterinary virology

A

the study of viruses in non-human animals

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11
Q

definition of taxonomy

A

science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms

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12
Q

definition of bacteriophages

A

viruses that infect bacteria and can sometimes kill them, icosahedral head and helical tail

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13
Q

definition of oncolytic viruses

A

viruses that infect and kill cancer cells, oncolysis, stimulation of host antitumor immune responses

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14
Q

definition of virion

A

a complete virus particle that consists of an RNA or DNA core with a protein coat, extracellular infective form of a virus

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15
Q

definition of viriod

A

infectious particle smaller than any of the known viruses, plant diseases, very small circular RNA molecule, lacking the protein coat of a virus

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16
Q

definition of prion

A

infectious agent composed of protein material that can fold in multiple ways leading to disease that is similar to a viral infection

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17
Q

definition of arbovirus

A

arthropod born virus, replicates in and is transmitted by bugs, maintain in nature by going through cycle between host and vector

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18
Q

definition of genome

A

viral DNA or RNA, only a few genes, code for structural components and enzymes needed

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19
Q

definition of capsid

A

protein shell that encases the viral genome, most viruses have one (except Reoviruses), usually symmetrical

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20
Q

function of a capsid

A

protection, antigenic sites, and virus attachment

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21
Q

definition of capsomere

A

basic subunit protein of the capsid

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22
Q

definition of nucleocapsid

A

capsid and viral genome

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23
Q

definition of an endosome

A

membrane bound compartment, Golgi, lysosome for degradation or recycled back to plasma membrane

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24
Q

definition of budding

A

enveloped proteins, peel out with membrane

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25
Q

definition of exocytosis

A

opposite of endocytosis, packaged before exiting

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26
Q

definition of fusion

A

merging of the virus envelope with the host cell lipid bilayer membrane, mediated by pH, enveloped viruses only

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27
Q

definition of prophage

A

virus genome of bacteriophage that’s integrated into the DNA of a host cell

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28
Q

definition of provirus

A

virus genome that’s integrated into the DNA of a host cell

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29
Q

definition of eclipse infection

A

infectivity of the virus disappears due to uncoating

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30
Q

definition of acute infection

A

rapid onset of disease & symptoms

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31
Q

definition of latent infection

A

virus remains in asymptomatic host cell for long periods

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32
Q

definition of persistent infection

A

disease processes occurring over a long period, fatal, noncytocidal changes

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33
Q

definition of passive viremia

A

direct inoculation of virus in host and no replication at site of entry

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34
Q

definition of active viremia

A

viremia following virus replication in host

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35
Q

definition of primary viremia

A

spreading into the blood from infected area

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36
Q

definition of secondary viremia

A

spreading to other organs/tissues

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37
Q

definition of cytopathic

A

toxic viral proteins, interferences with cell membrane function

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38
Q

definition of neoplastic

A

tissue becoming malignant

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39
Q

definition of inclusion bodies

A

represent sites of viral replication in nucleus/cytoplasm, viral capsid proteins

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40
Q

definition of negri bodies

A

eosinophilic inclusion bodies found in cytoplasm of nerve cells infected by rabies virus

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41
Q

definition of hemagglutination

A

assay used for quantification of virus dilutions involving RBC

42
Q

definition of apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

43
Q

definition of HeLa & Vero cells

A

transformed (cancerous) immortal cell lines, keep multiplying in different layers

44
Q

definition of TCID50

A

tissue culture infectious dose

45
Q

definition of LD50

A

50% lethal dose

46
Q

definition of ID50

A

50% infectious dose

47
Q

definition of immunoprophylaxis

A

prevention of disease by the production of active/passive immunity

48
Q

definition of adjuvants

A

formulations added to vaccines to improve immunogenicity

49
Q

parameters for virus classification

A

genome, replication strategies, and morphology

50
Q

Baltimore’s Classification System

A

7 different classes based on viral genome, strandedness (double or single), or sense (positive or negative; polarity)

51
Q

what is an envelope

A

lipid bilayer with embedded glycoproteins, makes it more fragile

52
Q

function of an envelope

A

facilitates virus entry into host cells, helps virus adapt quickly and evade host immune system

53
Q

capsid symmetry

A

normally icosahedral or helical (capsomeres and nucleic acids wound together)

54
Q

steps in the flow of genetic information

A

transcription, translation, replication

55
Q

transcription

A

DNA copied into RNA via RNA polymerase

56
Q

translation

A

mRNA read to form a protein

57
Q

6 steps in replication

A

attachment, penetration, Uncoating, replication, assembly, and release

58
Q

Attachment/adsorption

A

attachment of the virion to the host cell surface, receptor selectively bind specific substrate, can use host cell receptors

59
Q

Penetration/entry

A

bringing the viral genome to the other side of the host cell’s plasma membrane, energy and temperature dependent, via endocytosis, membrane fusion, or direct penetration

60
Q

endocytosis

A

virus gains entry into host cell without passing through membrane, active transport

61
Q

direct penetration

A

viral genome injection into the host cell’s cytoplasm after initial attachment, pore mediated, naked viruses only

62
Q

Uncoating

A

capsid protein removal and the release of viral genome in the host cell, programmed, mediated by pH and lysosomal enzymes, large viruses have their own Uncoating enzymes, loss of infectivity, makes it fragile

63
Q

Replication/synthesis

A

genomic expression of the viruses, replicate, and make functional proteins

64
Q

Assembly/maturation

A

packing the viral genome and proteins into new virions following a specific order, Golgi, building blocks

65
Q

Release/shedding

A

expulsion and release of progeny virions via budding, exocytosis, or cell lysis

66
Q

cell lysis

A

naked virions, break open and fall out quickly

67
Q

reverse transcription

A

synthesis of DNA from an RNA template

68
Q

key enzymes in DNA replication

A

DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, reverse transcriptase, made in nucleus except Pox

69
Q

key enzymes in RNA replication

A

RNA polymerase, ribosomal enzymes, made in cytoplasm except Retro and Flu

70
Q

life cycle of a DNA virus

A

virion attaches, enters, DNA uncoated, transcribed, mRNA produced, DNA replicated, capsid proteins made, virions mature & release

71
Q

life cycle of a pox virus

A

large and have more genes so they carry their own RNA polymerase and produce mRNA in the cytoplasm

72
Q

which entry method will pox viruses NOT use

A

direct penetration

73
Q

life cycle of an RNA virus

A

attachment, entry, Uncoating, RNA replication by RNA polymerase, translation and synthesis, maturation and release, positive or negative strandedness, can do twice and make a double strand

74
Q

life cycle of a retrovirus

A

penetration, Uncoating, reverse transcription of RNA -> DNA, DNA -> nucleus (provirus), can divide indefinitely with the host cell DNA

75
Q

life cycle of influenza virus

A

attachment, endocytosis, RNA enters nucleus and replicated via polymerase, mRNA makes new proteins and releases into ECF

76
Q

horizontal transmission

A

within same species, to each other

77
Q

vertical transmission

A

to offspring

78
Q

cross species transmission

A

between different species

79
Q

zoonosis

A

from animal to human or vice versa

80
Q

role of reservoir hosts & example

A

hold infection without being sick, mode of transmission i.e.: ebola in bats

81
Q

example of abnormal cell growth

A

cancer

82
Q

example of cell damage/death

A

lysis, cell membrane alteration, apoptosis

83
Q

example of no apparent changes

A

persistent, latent, immunosuppresion

84
Q

4 steps of infection in host

A

adsorption/entry, Uncoating/replication, maturation, and release (infective form)

85
Q

primary cell line

A

derived from tissues, die after a few generations

86
Q

diploid cell line

A

developed from human embryos, grow for many generations

87
Q

ECE

A

embryonated chicken eggs; used for virus isolation, identification, and production of vaccines via candling. can detect virus via mortality, lesions, inclusion bodies, viral antigens, and hemagglutination assays

88
Q

methods of viral diagnoses

A

EM, fluorescent antibody staining, or immunocytochemistry

89
Q

innate immunity

A

non-specific, constantly present, no previous exposure to virus required, rapid response

90
Q

adaptive immunity

A

specific, develops after virus exposure, specific to that virus, cross-protection, slow response

91
Q

first line of defense

A

chemical and mechanical barriers, reflexes

92
Q

second line of defense

A

innate immunity

93
Q

third line of defense

A

adaptive immunity

94
Q

antiviral drugs

A

dependent on metabolic pathways of their host cell for replication, most agents that interfere with virus replication are toxic to the cell i.e. interferon

95
Q

immunoprophylaxis

A

prevention of disease by the production of active/passive immunity

96
Q

active immunity

A

most effective, vaccinations

97
Q

passive immunity

A

antibodies administered, vaccine of pregnant animal will pass immunity to offspring

98
Q

live attenuated vaccine

A

viable virus but with reduced virulence tissue cultures, embryonated eggs, live animals, parental, oral, nasal

99
Q

inactivated vaccine

A

killed virus particles, purified proteins and lipid solvents, formaldehyde

100
Q

recombinant vaccine

A

protein antigens to induce immunity against the virus using adjuvants, yeasts, bacteria

Micro (11 decks)

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