Bacteriology - Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
bacteria basic characteristics
A
single cell, prokaryotic, no nucleus, binary fission, 70s ribosomal unit, classified by 16s
2
Q
shapes for: cocci, bacillus, helical, curved, staph, strep
A
round, rod, spiral, coma, grape cluster, chain
3
Q
gram positive bacteria
A
thick, lipoteichoic acid (antigenicity), stain blue
4
Q
gram negative bacteria
A
thin, LPS (virulence), stain pink
5
Q
mycobacteria contributes to
A
virulence
6
Q
endotoxin
A
only gram negative, Lipid A component & polysaccharide component
7
Q
Lipid A component of endotoxin contributes to
A
activation of immune system, harmful effects on host
8
Q
polysaccharide component of endotoxin contributes to
A
antigenicity
9
Q
acid fast positive stains
A
pink (mycolic acid)
10
Q
acid fast negative stains
A
blue
11
Q
monotrichous flagella
A
one end
12
Q
amphitrichous flagella
A
both ends
13
Q
lophotrichous flagella
A
multiple from one end
14
Q
peritrichous flagella
A
all sides
15
Q
endoflagella
A
from within, spirochetes
16
Q
pili/fimbriae used for
A
adherence, antigenicity
17
Q
K88
A
pig
18
Q
K99
A
cow
19
Q
capsule function
A
stick cells together, food reserve, protection, evade phagocytosis
20
Q
endospore characteristics
A
gram positive, resistant, live even through bad conditions
21
Q
examples of endospores
A
clostridium, bacillus
22
Q
O2 required in
A
aerobic, microaerophilic, capnophilic
23
Q
O2 utilized in
A
facultative anaerobes
24
Q
O2 neither required NOR utilized in
A
obligate anaerobes or aerotolerant anaerobes
25
pathogen has the potential to
cause disease
26
7 host characteristics
breed, age, sex, genotype, immunity, physiology, damage
27
9 pathogen characteristics
type, genotype, survival, virulence, route, tropism, dose, resistance, vector
28
7 environment characteristics
housing, space, ventilation, hygiene, nutrition, disease control, survival
29
infection definition
invasion/multiplication in host/population
30
disease definition
infection causes damage to vital functions
31
5 examples of portals of entry
skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract, GI tract, urogenital tract
32
exotoxin characteristics
proteins released to outside to specific target cells
33
endotoxin characteristics
gram negative, induce inflammation, heat stable
34
superantigen characteristics
made by viruses/mycoplasma/bacteria to bind to MHC II on antigen presenting cells & T helper cells to release cytokines
35
biofilm, quorum sensing, fimbrae, flagella, capsule increase
virulence (can carry genes for antibiotic resistance, movement, protection, etc.)
36
biofilm example
dental plaque
37
how does quorum sensing work
certain population reached -> change behavior -> ambush immune system
38
plasmids
small, circular DNA
39
examples of plasmids
tetanus & staph (superantigens)
40
bacteriophages
virus that attack bacteria
41
examples of bacteriophages
diphtheria, shiga, botulinum
42
virulence is the degree of
pathogenicity (+/- severity)
43
virulence transferred by conjugation
transfer genetic material through direct contact through pilus
44
virulence transferred by transformation
exogenous genetic material taken in
45
virulence transferred by transduction
DNA transferred between a bacteria & virus
46
obligate pathogen numbers, predisposition, virulence, disease type
numbers don't matter, doesn't need to be predisposed, very virulent, causes distinct disease
47
primary pathogen disease type
distinct
48
opportunity pathogen disease type
nonspecific
49
nonpathogen numbers, predisposition, virulence, disease type
lots of numbers, does need to be predisposed, virulence doesn't matter, causes nonspecific disease
50
obligate intracellular pathogen needs
host to replicate
51
example of obligate intracellular pathogen
Rickettsia, chlamydia
52
facultative intracellular pathogen can survive
intra or extracellularly
53
example of facultative intracellular pathogen
mycobacteria, rhodococcus
54
6 steps pathogen takes to work
entry, evade defenses, colonize, multiply, cause damage, transmit to other hosts (infection)
55
BSL
biosafety level, higher the number = higher the risk, 4 levels
56
examples of gram positive bacteria
Strep pyogens, Staph aureus
57
examples of gram negative bacteria
pasteurella multocida
58
culture media types
broth, agar, PEA (gram positive), MacConkey (gram negative), Hektoen Enteric Agar (salmonella)
59
PCR function
polymerase chain reaction; detects specific DNA using amplification and oligonucleotide primers, DNTP, taq polymerase, & target DNA
60
examples of cell mediated specific immune responses
TB reaction, interferon gamma test
61
how is agglutination used & why
screen for presence of antibodies by antigen being naturally present
62
secondary humoral immune response will
produce more antibodies second time exposed
63
antibody titer
higher antibody response = higher the titer
64
11 ways to limit microbial growth
refrigeration, freezing, boiling, pasteurization, acidification, increase osmotic pressure (salt/sugar), O2 removal, drying, gamma irradiation, hydrostatic pressure, chemical additives
65
8 methods of sterilization
moist heat (autoclave), dry heat, incineration, alcohol flame, gamma irradiation, UV light, membrane filtration, chemical
66
antimicrobial function
destroy microbes, prevent multiplication/growth, natural, synthetic, or semisynthetic
67
antibiotics function
inhibit/kill other microorganisms at lowest drug concentration possible
68
natural antimicrobials
produced by bacteria/fungus
69
examples of natural antimicrobials
tetracycline, streptomycin, penicillin
70
synthetic antimicrobials
designed in lab
71
examples of synthetic antimicrobials
sulfonamide, enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin
72
examples semisynthetic antimicrobials
ampicillin, amikacin
73
example of a macrolide
erythromycin
74
example of beta lactam
penicillin
75
example of aminoglycoside
gentamycin
76
example of tetracycline
HCl
77
cell wall synthesis inhibitors
```
beta lactam (penicillin & ampicillin)
cephalosporins (carbapenem & monobactam)
```
78
30s protein synthesis inhibitors
aminoglycosides (spectino, strepto, & gentamicin, amikacin)
tetracyclines (oxytetra, chlorte, nitrofurans)
79
50s protein synthesis inhibitors
macrolides (erythro & azithromycin)
lincosamides (clindamycin)
chloramphenicol
80
DNA synthesis inhibitors
mutations in DNA gyrase
Quinolones (nalidixic acid, Cipro & enrofloxacin, novobiocin)
metronidazole
81
RNA synthesis inhibitor: Rifampin
inhibits RNA polymerase (transcription), active against mycobacterium
82
RNA synthesis inhibitor: Mupirocin
inhibit tRNA synthetase (translation)
83
folic acid synthesis inhibitors
competitive, uses dihydrofolate reductase
| sulfonamides & trimethroprim
84
4 types of broad spectrum antibiotics
tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins
85
bactericidal drugs
kills & reduces number
86
bacteriostatic drugs
arrest growth & replication, helps immune system out
87
AST 2 methods
"antimicrobial susceptibility testing"
| disk diffusion/Kirby Bauer & broth dilution
88
MIC
"minimum inhibitory concentration"
| minimum amount drug needed to work
89
SIR
susceptible (success)
intermediate (uncertain)
resistant (failure)
90
innate resistance
preexisting
91
acquired resistance
mutation/horizontal gene transfer
92
opportunistic pathogens don't
cause disease in a healthy host
93
true pathogens have genes for
virulence (adherence, invasion, evasion)
94
nosocomial infections
hospital acquired i.e.: MRSA, S aureus, clostridium difficile
95
mastitis mainly caused by
Staph aureus, Strep pyogens, & Strep agalactiae/dysgalactiae
96
dog dermatitis mainly caused by
Staph pseudintermedius
97
greasy pig disease mainly caused by
Staph hyicus
98
food poisoning mainly caused by
enterotoxin A-E
99
strangles in horses mainly caused by
Strep equi subsp equi
100
Bacillus anthracis
gram positive, endospores, exotoxins, capsules, dormant in soil, edema (neutrophil), lethal (zinc)
101
diamond skin disease/swine erysipelas caused by
erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
102
caseous lymphadenitis (goat) caused by
corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
103
pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis (lumpy jaw, cows) caused by
actinomyces bovis
104
mycobacterium tb complex
acid fast positive, facultative intracellular, tb in humans & cows
105
Johne's disease in cows caused by
M. avium subsp paratuberculosis
106
listeria monocytogenes characteristics
food borne, actin filaments, facultative intracellular
107
listeria monocytogenes causes
septicemia, abortion, meningoencephalitis in cows/goats
108
tetanus/lock jaw caused by
clostridium tetani
109
flaccid paralysis in horses caused by
clostridium botulinum
110
gram negative bacteria enterobacteriaceae found in
H2O, soil, GI tract
111
examples of enterobacteriaceae
E. coli, klebsiella, enterobacter
112
E. coli causes
```
neonatal colisepticemia (calves)
edema disease (piglets)
hemorrhagic enteritis (humans)
hemolytic uremic syndrome & kidney failure
```
113
salmonella causes
gastroenteritis & systemic diseases
114
salmonella dublin, typhi, enteritidis
cows, humans, chicken
115
what causes fibronecrotic pneumonia in pigs
actinobacillus
116
what causes shipping fever pneumonia in cattle
pasteurella multocida & mannheimmia hemolytica
117
what does brucellosis do
affects reproductive system, use macrophages, zoonotic through raw milk
118
4 species of Brucellosis
abortus, melitensis, suis, canis
119
what causes kennel cough in dogs & atrophic rhinitis in swine
bordetella bronchiseptica
120
what does leptospirosis do
lives in kidney (yellow) tubules, zoonotic via urine, spirochete
121
lyme disease caused by
borrelia burgdorferi
122
mycoplasma characteristics
no cell wall/peptidoglycan/staining, self replication, pneumonia in humans, bovis- pneumonia & joint arthritis in cows
123
anaplasma & ehrlichia caused by
rickettsiales (obligate intracellular, tick borne)
