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Virology Flashcards

1
Q

Dengue Fever is a type of _____.
It has an ___ with ___, and has an ___ shape. Its genome is ___ and has ___ serotypes.

A

Flavivirus
Envelope, glycoproteins
Icosahedral
(+) ssRNA
4

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2
Q

Main reservoir for Dengue

A

Humans

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3
Q

Dengue works via ___ distribution and _____ reproduction

A

Seasonal, temperature dependent vector

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4
Q

Diagnosis for Dengue?

A
  1. Anti-dengue IgG and IgM (IgM takes a week to appear)
  2. RT-PCR to detect viral RNA
    Could also be ELISA to test for NSI antigen and blood tests (thrombocytopaenia and increased haematocrit)
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5
Q

Dengue virus is deposited and replicates in ___, is internalised in ___ and causes ____

A

Local lymphatic tissue, macrophages, mobile infection

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6
Q

Dengue management?

A

Symptomatic treatment and preventive measures

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7
Q

Dengue is spread by ___ and ___

A

Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus

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8
Q

Dengue requires mandatory notification to MOH within ___ hours. Cluster is defined as ___ cases within ___ days within ___m radius

A

24
2, 14, 150

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9
Q

Dengue fever clinically presents with

A

Abrupt high fever, headache with retro-orbital pain and generalised rash with petechiae

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10
Q

Complications of dengue fever include

A

Liver failure with encephalopathy
(Severe form of dengue)

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11
Q

Infection with dengue will produce ___ that confers ___ to the ___ subtype

A

IgG, short-term immunity, same

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12
Q

Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) presents with

A

Disseminated reaction with haemorrhage and shock, additional haemorrhagic manifestations with low platelet count (thrombocytopenia)

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13
Q

Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever is often a result of a secondary infection. The science behind this is

A

IgG when at low levels are infection promoting as they are unable to neutralise the virus but remain able to promote uptake into the macrophages (allowing virus to replicate)

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14
Q

DHF could progress to cause ___. It is a type of ___. Caused by infection of a ___ subtype.

A

Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS)
Anaphylactic shock
Different

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15
Q

Alphavirus is spread by ___ mosquitoes in ___

A

Aedes, India

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16
Q

Character of Alphavirus

A

Enveloped icosahedral with ssRNA virus
(Similar to dengue)

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17
Q

Clinical presentation of Alphavirus

A

Chikungunya Fever
Presents with fever, rash, arthritis and anthralgia, photosensitivity

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18
Q

Character of Japanese Encephalitis

A

Enveloped icosahedral ssRNA virus
(Similar to dengue)

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19
Q

Japanese Encephalitis is spread by ___ mosquitoes in ___

A

Culex, North Asia

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20
Q

Clinical presentations of Japanese Encephalitis

A

Penetration to brain leads to encephalitis and meningitis -> Brain damage

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21
Q

Character of Hantavirus

A

Enveloped spherical ssRNA virus (with 3 segments)

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22
Q

Where is Hantavirus found?

A

Rodent excreta (rare in SG)

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23
Q

Clinical presentation of Hantavirus

A

Haemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome -> Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

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24
Q

Yellow Fever virus is spread by ___ mosquitoes and presents itself as ___. Has a ___.

A

Aedes, fever and jaundice. Live attenuated vaccine

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25
West Nile virus is spread by ___ and causes ___. There is ___ vaccine.
Culex mosquitoes, fatal encephalitis. No
26
Zika is spread by ___ and presents with ___. Also causes ______.
Aedes mosquitoes, fever with enhanced conjunctivitis Acute sensory polyneuropathy and microcephaly in kids
27
Coxsackie Viruses are common in ___. ___ are the main host.
Spring and summer Humans
28
Character of Coxsackie Viruses and mode of transmission
Non-enveloped RNA virus spread by faecal transmission
29
Coxsackie A causes
Epithelial infections 1. Herpangina with fever and sore throat 2. HFMD with vesicular rashes on hands and feet with ulcerations in mouth
30
Coxsackie B causes
Muscular infections 1. Pleurodynia 2. Myocarditis, pericarditis
31
Character of Polio virus and mode of transmission
Non-enveloped RNA spread by faecaloral transmission
32
___ are the main host of Polio
Primates
33
Polio primarily infects ___ that spreads to ___ and ___ with retrograde infection.
Lymphoid tissue, axons, grey matter of CNS
34
Most Polio infections are ___. Severe cases would present as ___. Past polio syndrome with ___.
Asymptomatic Flaccid paralysis and meningitis Deteriorated residual muscular function
35
Vaccines for Polio
IM dead vaccine: Does not prevent infection (possible carrier) Oral live vaccine: Small chance of seroconversion, confers immunity against infection
36
Drug treatment for enteroviruses (Coxsackie A/B)
Pleconaril
37
Coxsackie A variants that result in HFMD
CA6, CA16, CA24, EV71
38
Number of serotypes: Polio / Coxsackie A / Coxsackie B
Polio: 3 Coxsackie A: 24 Coxsackie B: 6
39
Alpha virus is a type of ___ JE is a type of ___ Hantavirus is a type of ___
Togavirus, Flavivirus, Bunyavirus
40
Types of Herpes
HSV 1: Oral herpes HSV 2: Genital herpes HSV 3: Varicella Zoster Virus causing chickenpox or shingles HSV 4: Epstein Barr Virus (infectious mononucleosis, related to Burkitt's Lymphoma) HSV 5: Cytomegalovirus (teratogen) HSV 6: Human B-lymphotropic Virus HSV 7: Not associated with human disease HSV 8: Kaposi Sarcoma in HIV patients
41
Structure of Herpes
Enveloped (ether sensitive), icosahedral capsid, double stranded DNA
42
Diagnosis of Herpes
Tissue culture with CPE: Produces characteristic giant cells and eosinophilic intracellular inclusion bodies (except EBV that produces heterophile antibodies instead) IgM, ELISA
43
Mode of transmission of HSV1
Oral herpes spread by kissing or contact with oral secretions
44
Explain the latency of HSV1
Virus replicates in mucous membranes at the site of infection and remains dormant in the TRIGEMINAL ganglion until reactivation
45
Clinical presentations of HSV1
1. Acute gingivostomatitis with vesicular eruptions 2. Herpes labialis with cold sores along CNV dermatome 3. Herpes whitlow with local finger ulcers 4. Keratoconjunctivitis 5. Meningitis and encephalitis 6. Disseminated Herpes
46
Mode of transmission of HSV 2
Sexual contact
47
Explain the latency of HSV 2
Virus replicates in the mucous membranes at the site of infection and remains dormant in the LUMBOSACRAL ganglion until reactivation
48
Clinical presentation of HSV 2? Associated with?
1. Herpes progenetalis with lesions in the perineum 2. Neonatal herpes acquired during delivery 3. Associated with vulvar cancer
49
Treatment for HSV 1-4 and HSV 5
HSV 1-4: Acyclovir (typically topical except IV for Zoster) HSV 5: Ganciclovir
50
Mode of transmission of Varicella
Respiratory droplets (highly infectious)
51
Mode of transmission of Zoster
Vesicular fluid
52
Varicella invades the ___ and replicates in the ___. It replicates in ___ causing ___ more common ___ than ___. It can ___ and complicated by ___.
URT, lymphatics Epithelial cells, rashes, trunk, extremities Cross placenta to affect foetus, Skin superinfections (eg. Staph aureus)
53
Zoster is due to the ___. Clinically presents itself as ___. Could also lead to ___ (CNV I) and ___ (CNV II).
Reactivation of latent virus in the DRG Lesions along the dermatome of ganglion (belt of roses) Keratoconjunctivitis, facial nerve palsy
54
Characteristic test for VZV
CPE (Cytopathic test) for Tzank giant cells
55
How is EBV spread
Close contact, kissing, food sharing
56
EBV initially infects the ___. Causes ___ with ___ presenting as ___ and ___. Associated with ___ with characteristic t(8,14) translocation leading to ___ and ___.
Oropharynx Infectious mononucleosis, heterophile antibodies, high fever, increased number of atypical lymphocytes Burkitt's lymphoma, Bcl-upregulation, B cell replication
57
Detection of EBV
Serology for heterophile antibodies, Anti-EBV IgM
58
Mode of transmission of CMV
Vertical
59
Clinical presentation of CMV
1. Infectious mononucleosis without heterophile antibodies 2. Congenital CMV 3. Cytomegalic inclusion disease 4. Guillain-Barre Syndrome (Complication)
60
Characteristic test for CMV
CPE for owl eye inclusions
61
Character of Measles
Enveloped ssRNA virus
62
How is Measles spread
Respiratory droplets (highly contagious) especially in the immunocompromised
63
Clinical presentation of Measles
1. Fever and cough related to URTI 2. Koplik spots around the parotid duct 3. Measles rash spreading from face to extremities
64
Complications of Measles
1. URTIs spreading to pneumonia with superinfection 2. Neurologic sequelae with myoclonic seizures Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) and giant cell pneumonia
65
Which cells do Measles, Mumps and Rubella infect?
Epithelial cells (along URT, and lymph nodes for Rubella)
66
Character and mode of transmission of Mumps and Rubella
Mumps: Enveloped ssRNA Rubella: Non-enveloped ssRNA virus Spread by respiratory droplets (common in spring and winter)
67
Clinical presentation of Mumps
1. Fever and cough related to URTI 2. Parotid gland involvement and swelling 3. Spread to implicate gonads (especially testes, will lead to infertility) 4. Cervical lymphadenopathy
68
Complications of Mumps
Orchitis, meningitis, pancreatitis
69
Clinical presentation of Rubella
1. Forschheimer spots on the palate 2. Rubella rash
70
Complications of Rubella
1. Arthritis, Arthralgia, haematologic disturbances 2. Teratogenic effects
71
Examples of gastroenteritis viruses
Rotavirus, Norovirus
72
Character of Parvovirus B19 and its mode of transmission
Non-enveloped icosahedral ssDNA virus Respiratory droplets
73
Parvovirus B19 replicates in ___
Rapidly developing cells
74
Parvovirus B19 clinically presents itself as a ___ due to initial viremic phase ___. Could cause ___ leading to ___ and ___ in foetus
Slapped cheek appearance, erythema infectiosum Anaemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, aplastic crises Hydrops fetalis
75
Character and mode of transmission of Rabies
Enveloped ssRNA Rhabdovirus Spread by animal bites - dogs, fox, bat
76
Rabies replicates in the ___. Enters ___ to infect the ___.
Connective tissue at the bite Peripheral nerves, CNS
77
3 phases of Rabies
1. Prodromal phase with local pain and parasthesia 2. Excitation phase with hyperventilation, disorientation, seizures 3. Paralytic phase with lethargy and progressive paralysis
78
Character and mode of transmission of Variola
Enveloped double stranded DNA Poxvirus Spread by respiratory droplets
79
Clinical presentation of Variola
Smallpox (systemic rashes more concentrated on extremities) Infects URT then leads to systemic infection to internal organs
80
Vaccination for Variola
Vaccinia
81
Character and mode of transmission of Molluscum contagiosum
Enveloped double stranded DNA Poxvirus Spread by direct contact or fomites
82
Clinical presentation of Molluscum contagiosum
Umbilicated lesions mainly on the trunk and pubic areas in adults
83
Character and mode of transmission of Polyomavirus
Non-enveloped icosahedral double stranded DNA virus Not contagious
84
Who does Polyomavirus normally infect?
Immunocompromised patients
85
Clinical presentation of Polyomavirus
1. Infection of tonsils and GIT, eventually crossing of BBB to infect oligodendrocytes 2. Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy -> slow demyelinating disease 3. Neurological symptoms
86
HIV is a ___ with a ___ envelope. Outer membrane is derived from ___ while inner membrane is from ___. External docking proteins include ___ and ___. It has a ___ with ___. Core proteins include ___(3)___. Parenteral transmission includes ___.
Retrovirus, double Host membrane, p17 matrix gp120, gp41 Capsid, p24 capsomeres Reverse transcriptase, protease, integrase Blood, sexual, vertical
87
Why is death by opportunistic infection common in HIV?
Reduced immunity and increased susceptibility as large viral load leads to reduced cellular immunity
88
Diagnosis for HIV
Oraquick ELISA for anti-p24 Western blot to test for gp41 and p24 PCR to determine viral load Blood test to test for CD4 count
89
HIV treatment
NRTI, NNRTI, Integrase and Protease inhibitors
90
Clinical presentations of HIV
Incubation: Asymptomatic - Mononucleosis-like infections (fever, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, rash) Seroconversion: Leukopenia, viral phase that is highly transmissable Latent: Slowly decreasing CD4 counts but patient still normal due to buffer CD4 AIDS: Immunocompromised state as CD4 count falls below threshold, death by opportunistic infections

Microbiology (9 decks)

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