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Microbiology > Others - Mycoplasma/Chlamydia/Mycobacterium/Obligate Intracellular Pathogens > Flashcards

Others - Mycoplasma/Chlamydia/Mycobacterium/Obligate Intracellular Pathogens Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why is Gram stain not used for Mycoplasma?

A

It has no cell wall and hence cannot be visualised via gram stain. This also results in its resistance to cell wall synthesis inhibitors.

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2
Q

Clinical presentation of M. pneumoniae?

A

URTIs - Walking pneumonia (Mild pneumonia where patients are mobile and can continue spreading disease)

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3
Q

Clinical presentation of M. hominis and U. urealyticum?

A

Non-gonococcal urethritis, UTIs

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4
Q

Treatment for Mycoplasma?

A

Erythromycin

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5
Q

Why do we not use Gram stain for Chlamydia?

A

Little peptidoglycan in cell wall, unable to visualise clearly. Resistant to cell wall synthesis inhibitors.

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6
Q

How is Chlamydia classified?

A

By surface antigens

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7
Q

How is C. trachomatis (A-C) spread and is there immunological memory?

A

Spread via 3Fs (Flies, fingers, fomites). No immunological memory, could lead to repeated infections

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8
Q

Clinical presentation of C. trachomatis (A-C)?

A

Trachoma
- Chronic inflammation of eyelids -> Curling of eyelashes -> Cornea infection
- Pannus formation -> Blindness

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9
Q

How does C. trachomatis (L1-L3) spread?

A

Sexually transmitted

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10
Q

Clinical presentation of C. trachomatis (L1-L3)?

A

Lymphogranuloma venerum
Primary lesion on genitalia that can spread via lymphatics and cause rectal strictures and elephantiasis

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11
Q

Clinical presentation of C. trachomatis (D-K)?

A

STD
Males: Urethritis, dysuria (possible), infection of epididymis or rectum (homosexual males)
Females: Endocertival canal infection that could cause opthalmia neonatarum, ascending infection to cause reactive arthritis or urethritis/proctitis

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12
Q

How is Chlamydia trachomatis treated?

A

Doxycycline

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13
Q

Testing for C. trachomatis is done in conjunction with which other bacteria?

A

N. gonorrhoeae

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14
Q

Ch. pssitaci is spread by ___ and initially causes ___ that can lead to ___

A

Birds, flu-like illness, pneumonia and meningitis

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15
Q

Ch. pneumoniae causes a mild form of ___

A

Community acquired pneumonia

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16
Q

What stains are used for Mycobacterium?

A

Ziehl Neelsen Stain (ZN Stain) and Auramine stain (fluorescent microscopy)
Acid-Fast Bacilli culture (Takes 8 weeks)

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17
Q

Clinical presentations of M. tuberculosis?

A

Primary TB: Primary infection with foci in lower part of upper lobe or upper part of lower lobe (Ghon focus). Usually clinically silent.
Secondary TB: Reacitvation/reinfection -> Large exuberant granulomas with caseous necrosis (Assman’s focus)
Miliary TB: Disseminated by blood systemically

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18
Q

General symptoms of M. TB?

A

Fever, chronic cough with blood, night sweats, pulmonary disturbances, enlarged lymph nodes, possible joint and bone involvement

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19
Q

Treatment for M. tuberculosis?

A

RIPES
Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, Streptomycin

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20
Q

Clinical presentation of M. leprae?

A

General presentation: Paralysis, anaesthesia, trophic ulcers, Charcot joints
Tuberculoid leprosy: Th1 response
Lepromatous leprosy: Th2 response

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21
Q

Which cells do Rickettsia affect and damage?

A

Endothelial cells

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22
Q

Which cells does Coxiella replicate in?

A

Phagolysosomes inside marcophages

23
Q

Clinical presentation of Rickettsia?

A

General presentation: Fever, haemorrhagic lesions and possible shock due to vascular damage
Typhus type: Spread by lice
Spotted Fever: Spread by ticks
Scrub typhus type: Spread by chigger

24
Q

Treatment for Rickettsia?

A

Doxycycline

25
Q

How is Coxiella spread?

A

Airborne droplets or drinking infected milk

26
Q

Clinical presentation of Coxiella?

A

Acute Q fever: Increased susceptiblity to viral infections
Chronic Q fever: Endocarditis (culture negative endocarditis)

27
Q

Treatment for Coxiella?

A

Doxycycline

28
Q

B. recurrentis causes ___ due to ___. Diagnosed by ____ and is treated with ___

A

Relapsing fever, constant antigenic variation, peripheral blood film, doxycycline

29
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi causes ___ with ___. Diagnosed by ___ and is treated with ___.

A

Lyme disease, erythema chronic migrans, serology, doxycycline

30
Q

How does Treponema palladum look like?

A

Thin helical spiral bacteria

31
Q

Clinical presentation of Treponema palladum?

A

Primary syphilis: Painless chancre at cervix/penis with enlarged lymph nodes
Secondary syphilis: Diffused rashes across palms and soles, warty lesions (condylomata lata) at moist areas
Tertiary syphilis: Cardiovascular syphilis, meningitis, gummatous syphilis etc.
Congenital syphilis: Hutchinson’s triad

32
Q

What is characteristic of congenital syphilis?

A

Hutchinson’s Triad:
1. Deafness
2. Interstitial keratitis of cornea
3. Notched incisors (Teeth)

33
Q

Treatment of Treponema Pallidum?

A

Benzylpenicillin

34
Q

Leptospira is chronically excreted in ___ and enters via ___.

A

Rat urine, exposed mucosa

35
Q

Clinical presentation of Leptospira?

A

Phase I: Septicaemia, Phase II: Immune
Bacteraemia leptospirosis: Flu-like fever that will lead to aseptic meningitis
Icteric leptospirosis: Often fatal with haemorrhage, jaundice and renal failure

36
Q

What is another name for Icteric Leptospirosis?

A

Weil’s disease

37
Q

Helicobacter Pylori infects ___ in humans

A

Gastric mucosa

37
Q

Treatment for Leptospira?

A

Benzylpenicillin

38
Q

Clinical presentation of Helicobacter Pylori? Associated with?

A

Chronic inflammation predisposes to peptic ulcers and cancer
Causes dyspepsia, abdominal pain, flatulence, bad breath
Associated with MALT lymphoma

39
Q

Treatment for H. pylori?

A

Quadruple therapy: Omeprazole, Clarithromycin, Metronidazole, Bismuth

40
Q

Virulence factors of H. pylori
___ structure allows it to burrow into mucosa, preventing flushing away by gastric motility
Produces ___ that breaks down ___ to form ___, allowing it to persist in ___ environment
Produces ___ that causes ___ and ___ and ___
Proteases release damage gastric mucosa and release nutrients for continued colonisation

A

Spiral
Urease, urea, NH3, acidic
Bacterial PAF, local vasoconstriction, thrombotic occlusion, reduced mucosal regeneration

41
Q

Campylobacter appears like a ___ in microscopy

A

Seagull

42
Q

Campylobacter’s mode of transmission?

A

Faecaloral transmission via infected poultry

43
Q

Clinical presentation of Campylobacter? Complications?

A

Incubation period that presents with initial flu-like illness that can cause abdominal pain and diarrhoea
Complications: Guillain-Barre Syndrome

44
Q

What is Campylobacter sometimes misdiagnosed as?

A

Appendicitis

45
Q

Treatment of Campylobacter?

A

Erythromycin

46
Q

Types of Mycobacterium Leprae

A
  1. Tuberculoid leprosy (Th1)
  2. Lepromatous leprosy (Th2)
47
Q

Test for Mycobacterium TB

A

Mantoux test
*CANNOT use Gram stain (Can use AFB or Auramine stain)

48
Q

Primary TB is characterised by ___ and ___. Is often ___.

A

Ghon focus = small foci of inflammation comprising several MTC surrounded by a dense granuloma
Primary complex = Ghon focus + enlarged regional lymph notes
Clinically silent

49
Q

Post Primary TB is due to ___ or ___. Can present in ___ in the body and presents as ___ with ___. Necrotic foci in lungs can be coughed out leading to ___.

A

Reinfection, reactivation
Any organ
Large exuberant granulomas, central caseous necrosis
Cavitations

50
Q

Miliary TB occurs when bacteria is spread through the ___ and affects ___. Seen as ___ that show up well on ___ but not on ___.

A

Bloodstream, multiple organs
Small white nodules (millet seeds), CT, X ray

51
Q

Clinical symptoms of TB

A
  1. Pulmonary: Chronic cough, sometimes bloodstained with dyspnoea
  2. CNS: Meningitis
  3. Osteomyelitis and vertebral collapse
    Systemic features: Fever, night sweat and weight loss
52
Q

MTC are phagocytosed by ___, but survive and continue to replicate within the ___. They inhibit acidification by producing a ___. More monocytes are recruited but ___. ___ are also recruited, releasing ___ that causes increased activity of macrophages that kill microbes. Could lead to ___, ___, or ___.

A

Macrophages, phagolysosomes
Cord factor
Unable to kill the microbes
Activated T lymphocytes, IFN-gamma
Cure, latency or active TB

53
Q

What is TB misdiagnosed as?

A

Paragonimus westermani (lung fluke)

Microbiology (9 decks)

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