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Microbiology > Gram Negative Bacillus - Lactose/Non-lactose Fermenting Coliforms/Pseudomonads/Fastidious GNRs > Flashcards

Gram Negative Bacillus - Lactose/Non-lactose Fermenting Coliforms/Pseudomonads/Fastidious GNRs Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of Pseudomonads?

A

Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Vibrios

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2
Q

Examples of Lactose Fermenting Coliforms?

A

Escherichia coli, Klebsiella

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3
Q

Examples of Non-Lactose Fermenting Coliforms?

A

Shigella, Proteus, Salmonella

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4
Q

Examples of Fastidious GNRs?

A

Haemophilus, Bordatella, Brucella, Bartonella, Yersinia, Legionella

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5
Q

Treatment for E. Coli?

A

Ciprofloxacin with oral rehydration

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6
Q

Gram Negative Bacillus are oxidase ___

A

Positive

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7
Q

Is E. Coli part of normal body flora?

A

Yes, it is mostly non-pathogenic symbiotic carriage in the colon

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8
Q

E. Coli virulence factors?

A

O (Antigen), H (flagella)

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9
Q

Clinical presentations of E. Coli?

A
  1. UTIs
  2. Septicaemia
  3. Neonatal meningitis, pneumonia
  4. Diarrhoeal disease (depends on virulence factors)
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10
Q

Types of diarrhoeal disease caused by E. Coli?

A

EPEC: Gastroenteritis
ETEC: Traveller’s diarrhoea
EIEC: Dysentery-like disease
EHEC/VTEC/STEC: Invasive diseases

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11
Q

Clinical presentation of Klebsiella?

A

Mainly nosocomial infections
1. UTI
2. STD: Granuloma inguinale with Donovan bodies
3. Friedlander’s pneumonia

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12
Q

Is Shigella part of normal human body flora and what toxin does it produce?

A

No, Shiga toxin

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13
Q

Clinical presentation of Shigella dysenteriae?

A

Dysentery
Presents with mucopurulent haemorrhagic stools
Invasive disease: Renal damage and haemolytic urine syndrome

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14
Q

Treatment for Shigella dysenteriae?

A

Ciprofloxacin

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15
Q

Clinical presentation of Proteus?

A

UTI with renal calculi

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16
Q

Treatment for Proteus

A

Ciprofloxacin

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17
Q

Clinical presentation of Salmonella?

A
  1. Typhoid fever (S. typhi, S. paratyphi)
    - Infects mesenteric nodes and multiplies, spreads to bile, leads to perforations at Peyer’s patches. May have chronic infection of gall bladder.
  2. Gastroenteritis with self-limiting diarrhoea and fever
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18
Q

Treatment for Salmonella?

A

Ciprofloxacin

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19
Q

Treatment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Ciprofloxacin

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20
Q

Clinical presentation of P. aeruginosa? (Nosocomial/ Community acquired)

A

Nosocomial: Pneumonia, septicaemia, UTIs, GIT infections, STIs
Community infections: Ear infections, keratitis that could cause panophthalmitis (contact lens contamination), hot-tub folliculitis

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21
Q

Clinical presentation of Burkholderia cepacia?

A

Fatal lung infections
Poor drainage and clearance of airways could lead to repeat infections

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22
Q

Treatment for Burkholderia cepacia?

A

Cotrimoxazole

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23
Q

Clinical presentation of B. pseudomallei?

A

Melioidosis (Septicaemia, pneumonia, multiple abscesses)

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24
Q

Who are predisposed to B. pseudomallei infections?

A

Diabetics and immunocompromised patients

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25
Treatment for B. pseudomallei?
Ceftazidime and oral combination antibiotics >6 months to prevent relapse
26
Between V. cholerae, V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus, which are sucrose fermenting and which are non-sucrose fermenting?
Sucrose fermenting: V. cholerae Non-sucrose fermenting: V. vulnificus, V. parahaemolyticus
27
Treatment for V. cholerae and V. vulnificus?
Ciprofloxacin and oral rehydration (V. cholerae) V. vulnificus -> Surgical wound debridement and cleaning
28
Clinical presentation of V. cholerae?
Cholera: Early vomiting followed by rice water stools with fishy odour Due to cholera toxin: A unit: Constant activation of adenylyl cyclase and cAMP production preventing water uptake B unit: Stimulates immune response
29
Clinical presentation of V. vulnificus?
Self-limiting diarrhoea and acute septicaemia (especially for infections at open wounds)
30
Where is V. vulnificus found?
Salt water environments
31
Where is V. parahaemolyticus found?
Salt water environments and contaminates seafood
32
Clinical presentation of V. parahaemolyticus?
Food poisoning in undercooked shellfish and seafood Acute onset with explosive watery diarrhoea and a dysentery-like syndrome with stomach cramps and a mild fever
33
Treatment for Haemophilus influenzae?
Ceftriaxone
34
What is required for the growth of Haemophilus influenzae?
Both X and V factors
35
Clinical presentation of Haemophilus influenzae?
Encapsulated strains: 1. Acute epiglottis (DO NOT do throat swab) 2. Meningitis, septicaemia, pneumonia, osteomyelitis Unencapsulated strains: Invasive diseases
36
How is Bordatella spread?
Respiratory droplets
37
Clinical presentations of Bordatella? (B. pertussis, B. parapertussis)
Whooping cough Catarrhal phase: Flu Paroxysmal stage: Involving whoops
38
Treatment for Bordatella?
Erythromycin
39
Where is Brucella found and how is it transmitted?
Farm animals Transmitted via unpasteurised milk
40
Clinical presentation of Brucella?
Brucellosis: - Pyrexia of Unknown Origin - Low grade fever and malaise - Can spread to joints causing focal infection
41
Treatment for Brucella?
Doxycycline + Streptomycin
42
Bartonella: B. bacilloformis causes _____ B. quintata causes _____ B. hensalae causes _____
Oroya Fever Trench Fever Cat Scratch Disease *Can lead to AIDS related diseases such as bacillary angiomatosis and peliosis
43
Yersinia pestis leads to ___. ___ spreads to lung leading to _____ spreading by ______, causing ___.
Bubonic plague Initial bubo, pneumonic plague, respiratory droplets, septicaemia
44
Treatment for Yersinia pestis?
Tetracycline
45
Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis causes?
Gut infections
46
Where does Legionella grow and how does it spread?
Grows in still waters Spreads by aerosol droplets, associated with unsanitary ventilation systems
47
Clinical presentation of Legionella?
1. Legionnaire's disease - severe pneumonia 2. Pontiac Fever - brief flu-like disease
48
Treatment for Legionella?
IV erythromycin
49
K. granulomatis causes _____ Acinetobacter baumani is _____ and causes ______ P. multicoda is present in ____ and infects _____ F. tularensis is found in _____ and causes _____
STD (granuloma inguinale) Highly resistant, nosocomial diseases Mouth of animals, bite wounds Small rodents, tularaemia
50
Is bacterial vaginosis an STI? Clinical presentation? Characteristic identification? Treatment?
No Vaginal discharge that has a fishy smell Clue cells (small epithelial cells with adherent bacteria) Metronidazole
51
_____ is ___ in Singapore but is something to lookout for in ___
Brucella, uncommon, returning travellers
52
Treatment for V. parahaemolyticus?
Supportive rehydration, NO antibiotics
53
Which patients are more susceptible to P. aeruginosa infection?
1. Patients on broad-spectrum antibiotics that leads to loss of normal flora and subsequent colonisation by PAE 2. Abnormalities that prevent effective flow of secretions 3. Poorly maintained instruments
54
What is keratitis often mistaken for?
Conjunctivitis
55
Most common strain of Haemophilus influenzae?
Type B (Hib)
56
What does Haemophilus ducreyi require to grow?
Factor X (iron)
57
Clinical presentation of Haemophilus ducreyi?
Chancroid (STD) - Painful genital ulcers with enlarged inguinal lymph nodes that may suppurate and ulcerate - Secondary infection by anaerobes may lead to gangrene and destruction of genitalia
58
What are bacteria associated with endocarditis?
HACEK H aemophilus A ggregatibacter C ardiobacterium hominis E ikenella corrodens K ingella kingae
59
Most common strain of E. Coli?
EHEC (Common strain O157:H7) SHIGA-LIKE TOXIN Causes haemorrhagic colitis and bloody diarrhoea Haemolytic uremic syndrome -> Renal failure
60
Non-typhoid fever group of Salmonella spp.?
S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis
61
Clinical presentations of non-typhoid fever group of Salmonella spp.?
1. Food poisoning (poorly cooked poultry/eggs/animal faeces contamination) 2. Bacteremia causing invasive infections eg. osteomyelitis
62
What colour does P. aeruginosa produce on agar?
Blue-green
63
Characteristic of P. aeruginosa
4Ws Wind (ventilator), Water, Wire (catheter), Wound (burn)
64
Stenotrophomonas maltophillia is caused by ______ and is resistant to ___. Presents itself as _____ and is treated with _____.
Long term carbapenem use, almost everything, pneumonia, co-trimoxazole, levofloxacin
65
Acinetobacter Baumannii is found in ___ and is often resistant to _____
Normal skin flora/ environmental All antibiotics

Microbiology (9 decks)

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