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Microbiology > Gram Negative Bacillus - Lactose/Non-lactose Fermenting Coliforms/Pseudomonads/Fastidious GNRs > Flashcards

Gram Negative Bacillus - Lactose/Non-lactose Fermenting Coliforms/Pseudomonads/Fastidious GNRs Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Examples of Pseudomonads?

A

Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Vibrios

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2
Q

Examples of Lactose Fermenting Coliforms?

A

Escherichia coli, Klebsiella

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3
Q

Examples of Non-Lactose Fermenting Coliforms?

A

Shigella, Proteus, Salmonella

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4
Q

Examples of Fastidious GNRs?

A

Haemophilus, Bordatella, Brucella, Bartonella, Yersinia, Legionella

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5
Q

Treatment for E. Coli?

A

Ciprofloxacin with oral rehydration

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6
Q

Gram Negative Bacillus are oxidase ___

A

Positive

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7
Q

Is E. Coli part of normal body flora?

A

Yes, it is mostly non-pathogenic symbiotic carriage in the colon

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8
Q

E. Coli virulence factors?

A

O (Antigen), H (flagella)

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9
Q

Clinical presentations of E. Coli?

A
  1. UTIs
  2. Septicaemia
  3. Neonatal meningitis, pneumonia
  4. Diarrhoeal disease (depends on virulence factors)
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10
Q

Types of diarrhoeal disease caused by E. Coli?

A

EPEC: Gastroenteritis
ETEC: Traveller’s diarrhoea
EIEC: Dysentery-like disease
EHEC/VTEC/STEC: Invasive diseases

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11
Q

Clinical presentation of Klebsiella?

A

Mainly nosocomial infections
1. UTI
2. STD: Granuloma inguinale with Donovan bodies
3. Friedlander’s pneumonia

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12
Q

Is Shigella part of normal human body flora and what toxin does it produce?

A

No, Shiga toxin

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13
Q

Clinical presentation of Shigella dysenteriae?

A

Dysentery
Presents with mucopurulent haemorrhagic stools
Invasive disease: Renal damage and haemolytic urine syndrome

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14
Q

Treatment for Shigella dysenteriae?

A

Ciprofloxacin

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15
Q

Clinical presentation of Proteus?

A

UTI with renal calculi

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16
Q

Treatment for Proteus

A

Ciprofloxacin

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17
Q

Clinical presentation of Salmonella?

A
  1. Typhoid fever (S. typhi, S. paratyphi)
    - Infects mesenteric nodes and multiplies, spreads to bile, leads to perforations at Peyer’s patches. May have chronic infection of gall bladder.
  2. Gastroenteritis with self-limiting diarrhoea and fever
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18
Q

Treatment for Salmonella?

A

Ciprofloxacin

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19
Q

Treatment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Ciprofloxacin

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20
Q

Clinical presentation of P. aeruginosa? (Nosocomial/ Community acquired)

A

Nosocomial: Pneumonia, septicaemia, UTIs, GIT infections, STIs
Community infections: Ear infections, keratitis that could cause panophthalmitis (contact lens contamination), hot-tub folliculitis

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21
Q

Clinical presentation of Burkholderia cepacia?

A

Fatal lung infections
Poor drainage and clearance of airways could lead to repeat infections

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22
Q

Treatment for Burkholderia cepacia?

A

Cotrimoxazole

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23
Q

Clinical presentation of B. pseudomallei?

A

Melioidosis (Septicaemia, pneumonia, multiple abscesses)

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24
Q

Who are predisposed to B. pseudomallei infections?

A

Diabetics and immunocompromised patients

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25
Q

Treatment for B. pseudomallei?

A

Ceftazidime and oral combination antibiotics >6 months to prevent relapse

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26
Q

Between V. cholerae, V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus, which are sucrose fermenting and which are non-sucrose fermenting?

A

Sucrose fermenting: V. cholerae
Non-sucrose fermenting: V. vulnificus, V. parahaemolyticus

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27
Q

Treatment for V. cholerae and V. vulnificus?

A

Ciprofloxacin and oral rehydration (V. cholerae)
V. vulnificus -> Surgical wound debridement and cleaning

28
Q

Clinical presentation of V. cholerae?

A

Cholera: Early vomiting followed by rice water stools with fishy odour
Due to cholera toxin:
A unit: Constant activation of adenylyl cyclase and cAMP production preventing water uptake
B unit: Stimulates immune response

29
Q

Clinical presentation of V. vulnificus?

A

Self-limiting diarrhoea and acute septicaemia (especially for infections at open wounds)

30
Q

Where is V. vulnificus found?

A

Salt water environments

31
Q

Where is V. parahaemolyticus found?

A

Salt water environments and contaminates seafood

32
Q

Clinical presentation of V. parahaemolyticus?

A

Food poisoning in undercooked shellfish and seafood
Acute onset with explosive watery diarrhoea and a dysentery-like syndrome with stomach cramps and a mild fever

33
Q

Treatment for Haemophilus influenzae?

A

Ceftriaxone

34
Q

What is required for the growth of Haemophilus influenzae?

A

Both X and V factors

35
Q

Clinical presentation of Haemophilus influenzae?

A

Encapsulated strains:
1. Acute epiglottis (DO NOT do throat swab)
2. Meningitis, septicaemia, pneumonia, osteomyelitis
Unencapsulated strains: Invasive diseases

36
Q

How is Bordatella spread?

A

Respiratory droplets

37
Q

Clinical presentations of Bordatella? (B. pertussis, B. parapertussis)

A

Whooping cough
Catarrhal phase: Flu
Paroxysmal stage: Involving whoops

38
Q

Treatment for Bordatella?

A

Erythromycin

39
Q

Where is Brucella found and how is it transmitted?

A

Farm animals
Transmitted via unpasteurised milk

40
Q

Clinical presentation of Brucella?

A

Brucellosis:
- Pyrexia of Unknown Origin
- Low grade fever and malaise
- Can spread to joints causing focal infection

41
Q

Treatment for Brucella?

A

Doxycycline + Streptomycin

42
Q

Bartonella:
B. bacilloformis causes _____
B. quintata causes _____
B. hensalae causes _____

A

Oroya Fever
Trench Fever
Cat Scratch Disease
*Can lead to AIDS related diseases such as bacillary angiomatosis and peliosis

43
Q

Yersinia pestis leads to ___. ___ spreads to lung leading to _____ spreading by ______, causing ___.

A

Bubonic plague
Initial bubo, pneumonic plague, respiratory droplets, septicaemia

44
Q

Treatment for Yersinia pestis?

A

Tetracycline

45
Q

Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis causes?

A

Gut infections

46
Q

Where does Legionella grow and how does it spread?

A

Grows in still waters
Spreads by aerosol droplets, associated with unsanitary ventilation systems

47
Q

Clinical presentation of Legionella?

A
  1. Legionnaire’s disease - severe pneumonia
  2. Pontiac Fever - brief flu-like disease
48
Q

Treatment for Legionella?

A

IV erythromycin

49
Q

K. granulomatis causes _____
Acinetobacter baumani is _____ and causes ______
P. multicoda is present in ____ and infects _____
F. tularensis is found in _____ and causes _____

A

STD (granuloma inguinale)
Highly resistant, nosocomial diseases
Mouth of animals, bite wounds
Small rodents, tularaemia

50
Q

Is bacterial vaginosis an STI?
Clinical presentation?
Characteristic identification?
Treatment?

A

No
Vaginal discharge that has a fishy smell
Clue cells (small epithelial cells with adherent bacteria)
Metronidazole

51
Q

_____ is ___ in Singapore but is something to lookout for in ___

A

Brucella, uncommon, returning travellers

52
Q

Treatment for V. parahaemolyticus?

A

Supportive rehydration, NO antibiotics

53
Q

Which patients are more susceptible to P. aeruginosa infection?

A
  1. Patients on broad-spectrum antibiotics that leads to loss of normal flora and subsequent colonisation by PAE
  2. Abnormalities that prevent effective flow of secretions
  3. Poorly maintained instruments
54
Q

What is keratitis often mistaken for?

A

Conjunctivitis

55
Q

Most common strain of Haemophilus influenzae?

A

Type B (Hib)

56
Q

What does Haemophilus ducreyi require to grow?

A

Factor X (iron)

57
Q

Clinical presentation of Haemophilus ducreyi?

A

Chancroid (STD)
- Painful genital ulcers with enlarged inguinal lymph nodes that may suppurate and ulcerate
- Secondary infection by anaerobes may lead to gangrene and destruction of genitalia

58
Q

What are bacteria associated with endocarditis?

A

HACEK
H aemophilus
A ggregatibacter
C ardiobacterium hominis
E ikenella corrodens
K ingella kingae

59
Q

Most common strain of E. Coli?

A

EHEC (Common strain O157:H7) SHIGA-LIKE TOXIN
Causes haemorrhagic colitis and bloody diarrhoea
Haemolytic uremic syndrome -> Renal failure

60
Q

Non-typhoid fever group of Salmonella spp.?

A

S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis

61
Q

Clinical presentations of non-typhoid fever group of Salmonella spp.?

A
  1. Food poisoning (poorly cooked poultry/eggs/animal faeces contamination)
  2. Bacteremia causing invasive infections eg. osteomyelitis
62
Q

What colour does P. aeruginosa produce on agar?

A

Blue-green

63
Q

Characteristic of P. aeruginosa

A

4Ws
Wind (ventilator), Water, Wire (catheter), Wound (burn)

64
Q

Stenotrophomonas maltophillia is caused by ______ and is resistant to ___. Presents itself as _____ and is treated with _____.

A

Long term carbapenem use, almost everything, pneumonia, co-trimoxazole, levofloxacin

65
Q

Acinetobacter Baumannii is found in ___ and is often resistant to _____

A

Normal skin flora/ environmental
All antibiotics

Microbiology (9 decks)

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