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Microbiology > Gram Positive Bacilli - Sporing/Non-sporing Aerobes/Anaerobes > Flashcards

Gram Positive Bacilli - Sporing/Non-sporing Aerobes/Anaerobes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sporing Aerobes: _____
Non-sporing Aerobes: _____
Sporing Anaerobes: _____
Non-sporing Anaerobes: _____

A

Bacillus
Corynebacterium, Nocardia, Listeria, Lactobacillus
Clostridium
Generalised, Actinomyces israelii, Fusobacterium necrophorum

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2
Q

Virulence factors of Bacillus antracis?

A

Capsule and exotoxin (causes oedema, fatal)

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3
Q

Clinical presentations of B. antracis?

A

Blood in SKIN, LUNGS, STOOL

  1. Cutaneous anthrax - Local eschar with surrounding region of vesicles and oedema
  2. Inhalatory anthrax - Pulmonary failure and respiratory collapse
  3. Intestinal anthrax - Haemorrhagic diarrhoea
    *All can lead to septicaemia and eventual death
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4
Q

Clinical presentation of B. cereus? Explain the early and late onset.

A

Food poisoning (FRIED RICE)
Rapid onset: Pre-formed toxin, causes vomiting
Late onset: Ingestion of bacteria and generation of enterotoxin in vivo, causes diarrhoea and abdominal pain

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5
Q

Clinical presentation of Corynebacterium diphteriae? Separate into toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains.

A

Toxigenic: Inactivates EF2 and inhibits protein synthesis
- Local: Local pseudomembrane that expands to form bull-neck -> Laryngeal obstruction
- Distant: Myocarditis, arrhythmia, peripheral neuritis

Non-toxigenic: Pharyngitis, abscesses, invasive infections

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6
Q

Clinical presentations of Nocardia asteriodes?

A
  1. Opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients (Lung infections could lead to brain abscess)
  2. Madura’s foot
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7
Q

Clinical presentations of Listeria?

A
  1. Neonatal listeriosis and meningitis
  2. Meningitis, encephalitis
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8
Q

Where is Lactobacillus found?

A

Mouth, gut, and vagina (especially after puberty)

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9
Q

Does Corynebacterium produce a toxin?

A

Yes, diphtheria toxin

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10
Q

How is B. antracis diagnosed?

A

Pink colour on MacFadyean’s stain
+ Blood culture / Eschar Swab

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11
Q

Treatment for B. anthracis?

A

Ciprofloxacin
Vaccines are limited

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12
Q

Treatment for Corynebacterium?

A

Antiserum, erythromycin
Routine childhood vaccination

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13
Q

Treatment for Listeria?

A

Ampicillin

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14
Q

Treatment for Nocardia?

A

Cotrimoxazole

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15
Q

B. antracis produce ___ spores that can spread after the ___

A

Resistant, death of the animal or is carried in bone, meat, hide

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16
Q

B. cereus produce ___ spores that can ___

A

Resistant, survive high heat

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17
Q

Listeria can ___ at ___ temperatures

A

Multiply, cold

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18
Q

Corynebacterium ulcerans resembles ___ as _____

A

C. diphtheria, the same toxin is produced

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19
Q

Corynebacterium jeikeium are ___ strains that cause ___ infections. Often infects ___ such as ______

A

Nosocomial, opportunistic, foreign implantations, valves or cannula

20
Q

Corynebacterium minutissimum causes _____. It ____ under Wood’s lamp

A

Erythrasma and occasionally invasive infections, fluoresces coral pink

21
Q

Listeria is resistant to the drug class of

A

Cephalosporins

22
Q

What will weaken the immune response to Listeria?

A

TNF inhibitors

23
Q

What exotoxin does C. perfringens produce? What does it result in?

A

Lecithinase, destroys cell membrane

24
Q

Clinical presentation of Clostridium perfringens?

A
  1. Gas gangrene (local foul purulent blebs)
  2. Food poisoning upon spore ingestion
  3. Pigbel necrotising enteritis (Type C exotoxin)
25
Q

Treatment of C. perfringens?

A

Benzylpenicillin + Clindamycin

26
Q

Diagnosis of C. perfringens?

A

Blood culture + Nagler plate

27
Q

Clinical presentations of Clostridium difficile?

A

Antibody associated Pseudomonas Colitis -> Formation of pseudomembrane that causes obstruction
Presents as foul diarrhoea (CDAD)

28
Q

When is C. difficile dangerous?

A

When broad spectrum antibiotics have been used that leads to decimation of other bacterial flora

29
Q

Treatment of C. difficile?

A

STOP ANTIBIOTICS
First line: Oral metronidazole
Second line: Oral vancomycin

30
Q

Clinical presentation of C. tetani?

A

Tetanus (Spastic paralysis)
Tetanospasmin acts on LMNs and blocks inhibitory transmissions leading to spasmodic contractions by muscles
Presents as risus sardonicus, trismus and opisthotonus

31
Q

How does Clostridium tetani look like?

A

Drumstick appearance due to large terminal spore

32
Q

Name of toxin formed by C. tetani?

A

Tetanospasmin

33
Q

Treatment of C. tetani?

A
  1. HTIg to neutralise toxin
  2. Clindamycin
  3. Ventilator support
  4. Vaccine for tetanus
34
Q

Toxin of C. botlinum?

A

Botulinum toxin

35
Q

Clinical presentation of C. botulinum?

A

Flaccid paralysis due to inhibition of NMJ conduction by preventing ACh release
Presents with diplopia, ptosis and general weakness
Infection with bacteria and in vivo toxin generation will cause floppy child syndrome

36
Q

Treatment of C. botulinum?

A

Antitoxin
(Prevention by proper handling of food)

37
Q

Treatment of Gram Positive Generalised Anaerobes?

A

Metronidazole

38
Q

Clinical presentation of Gram Positive Generalised Anaerobes?

A
  1. Mixed infections
  2. Foul smelling purulent infections
39
Q

Actinomyces israeli forms ___ at _____ and _____. It is treated with ___.

A

Infection, site of trauma, spreads crossing tissue planes. Amoxicillin

40
Q

Fusobacterium necrophorum causes ___ with _____ after ____. It is treated with ___.

A

Lemierre’s disease, severe septicaemia, initial sore throat. Benzylpenicillin

41
Q

Clostridium septicum causes ___ especially in ___. Commonly isolated in patients with ___.

A

Gas gangrene, neutropenic patients. Leukemia or cancer

42
Q

How does Corynebacterium diphtheriae look like in serology?

A

Chinese character appearance
(Rods, branching filaments, Tinsdale medium)

43
Q

Where is Listeria Monocytogenes found?

A

Salads, cheeses, dairy

44
Q

How does Nocardia asteroides look like?

A

Branching filamentous rods

45
Q

What stain can be used for Nocardia asteroides?

A

Ziehl Neelsen

46
Q

Where is Nocardia asteroides found?

A

Soil, dirt, bad shoes

47
Q

Lactobacillus presents itself as

A

Dental caries

Microbiology (9 decks)

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