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HD 2 > Viral infections in childhood > Flashcards

Viral infections in childhood Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the generic structure of a virus

A
  • Nucleic acid

- Protein coat with or without envelope

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2
Q

Is DNA double or single stranded in viruses

A

Double (single in parovirus)

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3
Q

Is RNA double or single stranded

A

Single (double stranded RNA in reoviruses)

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4
Q

Are viruses intra or extracellular

A

Intracellular

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5
Q

Name the 5 steps in the viral life cycle

A
  • Attachment
  • Entry
  • Uncoating
  • Synthesis of viral components
  • Assembly and release
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6
Q

Where are the receptors that viruses attach to

A

On the plasma membrane

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7
Q

3 places that uncoating can take

A
  • Endosome (receptor mediated endocytosis)
  • Cytosol
  • Nuclear membrane
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8
Q

What enzymes can DNA viruses use

A

Cellular viruses

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9
Q

Why must viruses carry their own enzymes

A

All viruses apart from DNA viruses need to make their own cellular components

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10
Q

What releases the newly produced virions

A

Cell lysis

Budding

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11
Q

Name 3 enveloped DNA viruses

A

Herpes viruses
Hep B
Pox virus

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12
Q

Give 5 examples of Herpes viruses

A 
Herpes simplex
Varicella zoster
CMV
Epstein- Barr
HHV
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13
Q

Give 3 examples of non-enveloped DNA viruses

A

Papillomarvirus
Adenovirus
Parovirus

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14
Q

Give 2 clinical manifestation of herpes simplex in older children and adults

A
  • Herpes labilalis= cold sore

- Herpetic whitlow- sore on fingers

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15
Q

State 2 clinical manifestations of herpes simplex in neonates

A

Disseminated HSV

HSV encephalitis

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16
Q

What is disseminated HSV

A

Sepsis-like syndrome which can lead to hepatitis and coagulopathy

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17
Q

How is disseminated HSV treated

A

IV aciclovir

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18
Q

What is HSV encephalitis

A

Fevers, seizures

Haemorrhagic infarction of white matter and cortex

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19
Q

In what kind of people is cytomegalovirus severe

A

Immunosuppressed

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20
Q

What is the commonest congenital infection in the developed world

A

CMV

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21
Q

Long term effect of CMV

A

Long term sensorineural hearing loss

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22
Q

How do you treat congenital CMV

A

IV ganciclovir or oral valganciclovir which is the pro-drug

Inhibits DNA synthesis

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23
Q

Problems when treating CMV

A

Neutropenia
Thrombocytopenia
IV access?

24
Q

What virus causes chicken pox

A

varicella zoster virus

25
Q

What does Epstein- Barr virus lead to

A

Infective mononucleosis (glandular fever)

26
Q

How is EPV spreadd

A

saliva

27
Q

What can EBV lead to in Africa

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma

28
Q

What do HHV-6 and 7 lead to

A

Soseola infantum

29
Q

What ages are HHV-6 and 7 in

A

6 months- 2 years

30
Q

Symptoms of roseola infantum

A

Sudden onset of high fever, lasts a few days and then suddenly stops, rash appears

31
Q

What determines chronicity of Hep B

A

age at infection

32
Q

Stages of Hep B

A

Tolerance
Clearance
Latency
Reactivation

33
Q

Name 2 consequences of hep B

A

Cirrhosis

Hepatocellular carcinoma

34
Q

What does poxvirus lead to

A

Smallpox

35
Q

How was smallpox eradicated

A

Combo of routine vaccination, isolation of cases/ outbreak control

36
Q

Where are poxes found in normal people

A

Moist areas such as groin, axilla

37
Q

Which virus is a cause of cervical cancer

A

Papillomarvirus

38
Q

What serotypes of papillomavirus are carcinogenic

A

16 and 18

39
Q

What serotypes of papillomavirus lead to genital warts

A

6, 11

40
Q

Symptoms of adenovirus infection

A

URTI/ pneumonia
Conjuctivitis
Diarrhoea

41
Q

How does parovirus B19 act in not susceptible hosts

A

It attaches to group P antigens so people lacking P antigen not susceptible

42
Q

What happens if a highly susceptible person is infected with parovirus B19

A

Replicates in rapidly dividing cells in people with haematological problems leads to aplastic crisis

43
Q

What facial feature is specific to parovirus B19

A

Slapped cheek

44
Q

Name 4 enveloped RNA viruses

A
  • MMR
  • RVS
  • Hep C
  • HIV
45
Q

Name 3 unenveloped RNA viruses

A
  • Rotavirus
  • Enteroviruses
  • Hep A
46
Q

Incubation period of measles?

A

7-14 days

47
Q

What are the symptoms of measles in order of appearance

A

first- fever, cough, conjunctivities
second- Koplik spokts
third- rash

48
Q

Colloquial name for rubella

A

German measles

49
Q

Triad seen in congenital rubella

A

Eyes- cataracts, micro-opthalmia, glaucoma
Ears- sensorineural deafness
Heart- VSD, pulmonary artery stenosis

50
Q

What is broncholitis

A

Viral infection of infants causing an inflammation of bronchioles
Symptoms= cough, resp distress, wheeze

51
Q

What drug is used to prevent bronchiolitis

A

Palivizumab

52
Q

What is the risk of mother to child transmission in Hep C

A

approx 5%

53
Q

Is HIV infection more severe in infants or adults

A

Infants

54
Q

Why is HIV infection more severe in infants

A 
High viral loads
Rapid progression
No reliable markers
Fewer drug options
Challenging adherence
55
Q

What is the most common cause of hospital admission for diarhhoea

A

Rotavirus

56
Q

Features of rotavirus diarrhoea

A

Fever, vomiting, watery diarrhoea

57
Q

What 2 oral vaccines are available for rotavirus

A

RotaTeq

RotaRix

HD 2 (26 decks)

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