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HD 2 > Bacteria, fungi and protozoa infections > Flashcards

Bacteria, fungi and protozoa infections Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the structure of a bacteria

A
  • 0.2-2 um diameter
  • Single, circular chromosome
  • No nucleus
  • No organelles
  • Divide by binary fission
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2
Q

Describe the structure of eukaryotes

A 
10-100um diameter
Multiple, linear chromosomes
Membrane bound nucleus
Membrane bound organelles
Divide by mitosis
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3
Q

How do infections cause morbitity and mortality

A

Toxins from the organism

Immunopathology from host

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4
Q

What are exotoxins

A

Proteins secreted by the pathogen

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5
Q

What are the symptoms of diphtheria

A

Sore throat, fever

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6
Q

What are the effects of diphtheria on the heart

A

Myocarditis

Hearat block

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7
Q

What does the diphtheria toxin do

A

Inhibits protein synthesis

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8
Q

What is an endotoxin

A

Part of outer membrane of gram negative bacteria

Released during lysis of the organism and leads to macrophage activation

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9
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of menigococcal disease

A
  • Activation of inflammatory cascade
  • IL-6 and TNF- alpha released
  • This leads to myocardial depression, endothelial dysfunction and coagulopathy
  • Capillary leak and shock
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10
Q

What anatomical differences are there in children

A

Thinner skin, shorter airways, anatomy of Eustachian tube (otitis media)

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11
Q

Define fever

A

temp >37.8

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12
Q

Name 3 organisms that cause septicaemia and meningitis

A

Streptococccus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
Haemophilus influenzae B

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13
Q

Which organism causes septicaemia and meningitis in students

A

Neisseria meningitidis

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14
Q

How do you recognise septicaemia

A 
Tachycardia
Tachypnoea
Prolonged capillary refill
Low BP
Rash
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15
Q

What are the top 3 organisms that infect young infants

A

Group B strep
E Coli
Listeria

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16
Q

What drugs are given to older children with meningitis

A

Ceftriaxone

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17
Q

What drugs are given to younger children with meningitis

A

Cefotaxime or ceftriaxone

18
Q

Is streptococcus pneumoniae gram positive and negative

A

Positive

19
Q

What immune defects predispose one to pneumococcal infection

A

Absent/ non functional spleen
Hypogammaglobulinaemia
HIV infection

20
Q

Why may there be an absent or non functional spleen

A

Congenital asplenia
Traumatic removal
Hyposplenism

21
Q

How can empyema be managed

A

Chest drain

Video assisted thoracoscopic surgery

22
Q

Describe how childhood exposure leads to late reactivation of pulmonary disease

A 
Childhoos exposure
Primary pulmonary infection
Successful immune response
Well adult
Late reactivation of pulmonary disease
23
Q

Describe how childhood exposure leads to immediate disease

A 
Exposure
Primary pulmonary infection
Inadequate immune response
Progressive pulmonary disease
Lymph/ haematogenous spread
Miliary extra-pulmonary disease
Death
24
Q

What gram positive bacillus causes tetanus

A

Clostridium tetani

25
Q

Where are tetanus spores found

A

In soil

26
Q

What does the tetanus exotoxin interact with

A

Neuromuscularjunction

27
Q

Symptoms of tetanus in children

A 
Weak
Lethargic
Poor suck
Spasm
Fits
28
Q

How can fungi be classified

A

Yeasts

Moulds

29
Q

What are invasive myocses

A

Rare fungal diseases

Oppurtunistic infections in immunocompromised hosts

30
Q

What is candidiasis

A

Nappy rash

31
Q

How should nappy rash be treated

A

Topical antifungal

32
Q

What is tinea corposis

A

Ringworm

33
Q

What is pulmonary aspergillosis

A

Child with chronic granulomatous disease which affects neutrophils function

34
Q

What is candidaemia

A

Affects kidneys and brain- fungal disease

35
Q

Give 3 examples of sporozoa

A

Plasmodium species (malaria)
Toxoplasma gondii
Cryptosporidium (diarrhoea)

36
Q

Give an example of an amoebae

A

Entamoeba histolytica (dysentry)

37
Q

Give 3 examples of flagellates

A

Giardia
Try[anasoma
Leishmania

38
Q

What 4 species can cause malaria

A

P. falciparum
P. vivax
P. ovale
P. malariae

39
Q

What species gives most severe, cerebral malaria

A

P. falciparum

40
Q

Severe symptoms of malaria

A

Anaemia
Resp distress
Cerebral malaria
Hypoglycaemia

41
Q

How does congenital toxoplasmosis come about

A
  • Oocysts excreted by cats
  • Pregnant women infected
  • Multiply in macrophages

HD 2 (26 decks)

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