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Mechanisms of Disease Exam #3 > Viral Infections I > Flashcards

Viral Infections I Flashcards

1
Q

Acute (transient) viral infections

A 
Measles
Mumps
West Nile
Poliovirus
Ebola
Marburg
Lassa
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2
Q

What viruses are known as “viral hemorrhagic fevers” and what are their genera?

What is the concern about them?

A

Filoviridae - Ebola, Marburg
Arenaviridae - Lassa

Potential for biological weaponization, because it is possible they could be spread via aerosol. Currently, they are known to be spread via contact w/ infected hosts.

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3
Q

Associate Lassa with: (3)

A

Lassa fever
South American hemorrhagic fever viruses
Rift Valley fever

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4
Q

What are the latent viruses?

What does “latent” mean?

A

HSV
VZV
CMV

These cause an acute infection, followed by a latent period and reactivate periodically.

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5
Q

What is Herpesvirus simiae?

A

“Monkey B virus”

Similar to HSV-1 and can cause fatal neurological disease in animal handlers if bitten.

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6
Q

What infections are known to be “chronic, productive infections”?

A

HIV and HBV.

Because they have a high mutation rate and are capable of escape from the immune system.

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7
Q

Transforming viral infections

A

EBV
HPV
HBV
HTLV-1

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8
Q

What are the DNA viruses?

A 
Herpesvirus
Hepadnavirus
Adenovirus 
Parvovirus
Papovirus
Poxvirus
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9
Q

Generally, Adenovirus…

Organ system:

Diseases/presentations:

A

Respiratory

URT and LRT infections
Conjunctivitis
Diarrhea

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10
Q

Generally, Rhinovirus…

Organ system:

Diseases/presentations:

A

Respiratory

URT infection

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11
Q

Generally, Influenza A and B…

Organ system:

Diseases/presentations:

A

Respiratory

Influenza

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12
Q

Generally, Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)…

Organ system:

Diseases/presentations:

A

Respiratory

Bronchiolitis
Pneumonia

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13
Q

Generally, Mumps…

Organ system:

Diseases/presentations:

A

GI

Parotid swelling
Pancreatitis
Orchitis

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14
Q

Generally, Rotavirus…

Organ system:

Diseases/presentations:

A

GI

Childhood gastroenteritis

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15
Q

Generally, Norovirus…

Organ system:

Diseases/presentations:

A

GI

Gastroenteritis

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16
Q

Generally, Hep A…

Organ system:

Diseases/presentations:

A

GI

Acute viral hepatitis

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17
Q

Generally, Hep B…

Organ system:

Diseases/presentations:

A

GI

Acute or chronic hepatitis

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18
Q

Generally, Hep C…

Organ system:

Diseases/presentations:

A

GI

Acute or chronic hepatitis

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19
Q

Generally, Measles…

Organ system:

Diseases/presentations:

A

Systemic w/ skin eruptions

Rash on face, trunk and proximal extremities
Koplik spots - ulcerated mucosal lesions in oral cavity
Lymphoid hyperplasia

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20
Q

Generally, HSV-1…

Organ system:

Diseases/presentations:

A

Systemic w/ skin eruptions

Oral herpes

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21
Q

Generally, HSV-2…

Organ system:

Diseases/presentations:

A

Systemic w/ skin eruptions

Genital herpes

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22
Q

Which Hepatitis is the only DNA Hepatitis?

A

Hep B

23
Q

Virulence factors of Influenza A/B

A

Hemagluttinin glycoprotein (HA): binds to RBCs and cells of URT.

Neuramidase glycoprotein (NA): breaks down neuraminic acid (a component of mucin).

24
Q

Virulence factors of Paraifluenza

A

Glycoproteins w/ combined HA and NA activity.

F-protein: results in multinucleated giant cells (syncytial cells).

25
Q

Virulence factors of RSV

A

F-protein

*no HA or NA.

26
Q

Virulence factors of Mumps

A

Glycoproteins w/ combined HA and NA activity.

F-protein: results in multinucleated giant cells (syncytial cells).

27
Q

Virulence factors of Measles

A

HA only.

F-protein: results in mutinucleated giant cells.

28
Q

What are “acute viral hepatitis” symptoms?

A 
Flu-like SX
Fatigue
Low-grade fevers
Joint aches
Cough
Runny nose

Jaundice approx. 2 wks into the infection.

29
Q

What are “chronic viral hepatitis” symptoms?

A

Often asymptomatic and tough to DX.

Mildly enlarged liver and mildly elevated liver enzymes.

30
Q

What are the transmission routes for Hep A, B, C?

A

Hep A: fecal-oral

Hep B: needle sticks, IVD, sex.

Hep C: *IVD, needle sticks.

31
Q

SX associated w/ Hep A

A

Only acute hepatitis symptoms

32
Q

SX associated w/ Hep B

What can it be associated w/?

A 
Acute Hep
Fulminant Hep: severe acute Hep w/ destruction of liver.
Chronic Hep
-ASX carrier
-Chronic persistant Hep
-Chronic active Hep

Primary hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhosis

33
Q

What are the serologies used for Hep B?

What do they mean?

A

IgM anti-HBcAg = new infection

IgG anti-HBcAg = old infection

34
Q

What is the leading cause of chronic hepatitis and liver transplants in the US?

A

Hep C (85% become chronic, whereas Hep B is only approx 10% become chronic)

35
Q

Poliovirus causes what?

A

Acute systemic viral infection, leading to a wide range of SX, from mild to paralysis of limb muscles and respiratory muscles.

Most infections are ASX, but approx. 1/100 will invade CNS and replicate in motor neurons of the SC and brainstem leading to myelitis.

36
Q

Virulence of Poliovirus:

Transmission:

A

Binds CD155 (epithelial adhesion molecule) and replicated within mucosa of pharynx and gut (tonsils and Peyer’s patches of the ileum).

Fecal-oral route.

37
Q

West Nile virus causes what?

A

Acute systemic viral infection that causes a mild infection or neuroinvasive disease associated w/ long-term neurologic sequelae.

38
Q

Virulence of WNV

Problems with what molecule can enhance the infection?

Transmission:

A

Mosquito bite leading to infection of DCs -> LNs. Can cross the BBB in some patients and infect neurons.

CCR5 chemokine receptor mutations, because it would help in ceasing the neuroinvasion of the virus.

Arbovirus, via mosquito.

39
Q

Transmission of VZV (varicella vs. zoster)

SX of both:

A

Varicella - highly contagious. Aerisolized respiratory secretions and contact w/ ruptured vesicles.
Zoster - reactivation from DRG.

Varicalla - Fever, HA, rash, pneumonia or encephalitis.
Zoster - shingles in a dermatome arrangement.

40
Q

Cytomegalovirus transmission

A

Virus is present in milk, saliva, urine and tears
Sexual transmission
Transplacental transmission
Neonatal transmission (vaginal, milk, etc.)

41
Q

Clinical manifestations of CMV

A

Congenital infections: IUGR, jaundice, HSM, anemia, encephalitis.

Perinatal infections: usually ASX.

CMV mononucleosis: fever, atypical lymphocytes, lymphadenopathy, hepatitis, liver dysfunction.

CMV in immunosuppressed patients: severe infection patients w/ AIDS and organ transplants.

42
Q

Group M is the most common type of…

What subtype is most common in Europe, Americas, Japan and Australia?

A

HIV-1

Subtype B

43
Q

HIV-1 vs. HIV-2

A

HIV-1 is the common form and the pathogenic form/

HIV-2 is mostly confined to Africa and less pathogenic. Can be contracted w/ HIV-1 simultaneously.

44
Q

Most common complication of influenza infection is…

A

Bacterial infections

  • pneumonia
  • bronchitis
  • sinus infections
  • ear infections
45
Q

SARS stands for:

Virus involved:

SX:

Mortality:

Groups likely to have exposure:

A

Severe acute respiratory syndrome.

Coronavirus, zoonotic.

Fever, myalgias, chills, dry cough, pleurisy.

<10% mortality

Healthcare/lab workers

46
Q

Rhabdovirus is…

Major outcome and COD:

A

Rabies

Brainstem encephalitis, which inevitable once patient becomes symptomatic

47
Q

What are Negri bodies?

A

Eosinophilic spots in neurons in patients w/ Rabies

48
Q

Flaviridae include:

A

WNV
Hantavirus
Yellow fever
Dengue

49
Q

3 genera of mosquitos important in human DZ

A

Anopheles
Aedes
Culex

50
Q

Togaviridae include:

Which one is mosquito-borne?

A

Alphavirus (m-b)

Rubella

51
Q

Hard tick vs. Soft tick comparison

A

Hard ticks: have a scutum and females are larger. More likely to parasitize -> Lyme DZ, RMSF, Tularemia, etc.

Soft ticks: common ticks and have a painless bite. Tick-borne-relapsing fever is known association.

52
Q

What are the 2 major types of outcomes from a tick infection?

A

Neurotoxic disorders

Tick-borne relapsing fever

53
Q

What is fulminant hepatitis?

A

Severe acute hepatitis leading to liver destruction in association w/ Hep B.

54
Q

RSV is the most common cause of….

What is an association?

A

Pneumonia in kids <6 mo.

OM in 33% of kids infected with it.

Mechanisms of Disease Exam #3 (11 decks)

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