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Mechanisms of Disease Exam #3 > Viral Infections I > Flashcards

Viral Infections I Flashcards

1
Q

Acute (transient) viral infections

A 
Measles
Mumps
West Nile
Poliovirus
Ebola
Marburg
Lassa
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2
Q

What viruses are known as “viral hemorrhagic fevers” and what are their genera?

What is the concern about them?

A

Filoviridae - Ebola, Marburg
Arenaviridae - Lassa

Potential for biological weaponization, because it is possible they could be spread via aerosol. Currently, they are known to be spread via contact w/ infected hosts.

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3
Q

Associate Lassa with: (3)

A

Lassa fever
South American hemorrhagic fever viruses
Rift Valley fever

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4
Q

What are the latent viruses?

What does “latent” mean?

A

HSV
VZV
CMV

These cause an acute infection, followed by a latent period and reactivate periodically.

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5
Q

What is Herpesvirus simiae?

A

“Monkey B virus”

Similar to HSV-1 and can cause fatal neurological disease in animal handlers if bitten.

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6
Q

What infections are known to be “chronic, productive infections”?

A

HIV and HBV.

Because they have a high mutation rate and are capable of escape from the immune system.

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7
Q

Transforming viral infections

A

EBV
HPV
HBV
HTLV-1

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8
Q

What are the DNA viruses?

A 
Herpesvirus
Hepadnavirus
Adenovirus 
Parvovirus
Papovirus
Poxvirus
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9
Q

Generally, Adenovirus…

Organ system:

Diseases/presentations:

A

Respiratory

URT and LRT infections
Conjunctivitis
Diarrhea

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10
Q

Generally, Rhinovirus…

Organ system:

Diseases/presentations:

A

Respiratory

URT infection

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11
Q

Generally, Influenza A and B…

Organ system:

Diseases/presentations:

A

Respiratory

Influenza

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12
Q

Generally, Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)…

Organ system:

Diseases/presentations:

A

Respiratory

Bronchiolitis
Pneumonia

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13
Q

Generally, Mumps…

Organ system:

Diseases/presentations:

A

GI

Parotid swelling
Pancreatitis
Orchitis

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14
Q

Generally, Rotavirus…

Organ system:

Diseases/presentations:

A

GI

Childhood gastroenteritis

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15
Q

Generally, Norovirus…

Organ system:

Diseases/presentations:

A

GI

Gastroenteritis

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16
Q

Generally, Hep A…

Organ system:

Diseases/presentations:

A

GI

Acute viral hepatitis

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17
Q

Generally, Hep B…

Organ system:

Diseases/presentations:

A

GI

Acute or chronic hepatitis

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18
Q

Generally, Hep C…

Organ system:

Diseases/presentations:

A

GI

Acute or chronic hepatitis

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19
Q

Generally, Measles…

Organ system:

Diseases/presentations:

A

Systemic w/ skin eruptions

Rash on face, trunk and proximal extremities
Koplik spots - ulcerated mucosal lesions in oral cavity
Lymphoid hyperplasia

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20
Q

Generally, HSV-1…

Organ system:

Diseases/presentations:

A

Systemic w/ skin eruptions

Oral herpes

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21
Q

Generally, HSV-2…

Organ system:

Diseases/presentations:

A

Systemic w/ skin eruptions

Genital herpes

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22
Q

Which Hepatitis is the only DNA Hepatitis?

23
Q

Virulence factors of Influenza A/B

A

Hemagluttinin glycoprotein (HA): binds to RBCs and cells of URT.

Neuramidase glycoprotein (NA): breaks down neuraminic acid (a component of mucin).

24
Q

Virulence factors of Paraifluenza

A

Glycoproteins w/ combined HA and NA activity.

F-protein: results in multinucleated giant cells (syncytial cells).

25
Virulence factors of RSV
F-protein *no HA or NA.
26
Virulence factors of Mumps
Glycoproteins w/ combined HA and NA activity. F-protein: results in multinucleated giant cells (syncytial cells).
27
Virulence factors of Measles
HA only. F-protein: results in mutinucleated giant cells.
28
What are "acute viral hepatitis" symptoms?
``` Flu-like SX Fatigue Low-grade fevers Joint aches Cough Runny nose ``` Jaundice approx. 2 wks into the infection.
29
What are "chronic viral hepatitis" symptoms?
Often asymptomatic and tough to DX. Mildly enlarged liver and mildly elevated liver enzymes.
30
What are the transmission routes for Hep A, B, C?
Hep A: fecal-oral Hep B: needle sticks, IVD, sex. Hep C: *IVD, needle sticks.
31
SX associated w/ Hep A
Only acute hepatitis symptoms
32
SX associated w/ Hep B What can it be associated w/?
``` Acute Hep Fulminant Hep: severe acute Hep w/ destruction of liver. Chronic Hep -ASX carrier -Chronic persistant Hep -Chronic active Hep ``` Primary hepatocellular carcinoma Cirrhosis
33
What are the serologies used for Hep B? What do they mean?
IgM anti-HBcAg = new infection IgG anti-HBcAg = old infection
34
What is the leading cause of chronic hepatitis and liver transplants in the US?
Hep C (85% become chronic, whereas Hep B is only approx 10% become chronic)
35
Poliovirus causes what?
Acute systemic viral infection, leading to a wide range of SX, from mild to paralysis of limb muscles and respiratory muscles. Most infections are ASX, but approx. 1/100 will invade CNS and replicate in motor neurons of the SC and brainstem leading to myelitis.
36
Virulence of Poliovirus: Transmission:
Binds CD155 (epithelial adhesion molecule) and replicated within mucosa of pharynx and gut (tonsils and Peyer's patches of the ileum). Fecal-oral route.
37
West Nile virus causes what?
Acute systemic viral infection that causes a mild infection or neuroinvasive disease associated w/ long-term neurologic sequelae.
38
Virulence of WNV Problems with what molecule can enhance the infection? Transmission:
Mosquito bite leading to infection of DCs -> LNs. Can cross the BBB in some patients and infect neurons. CCR5 chemokine receptor mutations, because it would help in ceasing the neuroinvasion of the virus. Arbovirus, via mosquito.
39
Transmission of VZV (varicella vs. zoster) SX of both:
Varicella - highly contagious. Aerisolized respiratory secretions and contact w/ ruptured vesicles. Zoster - reactivation from DRG. Varicalla - Fever, HA, rash, pneumonia or encephalitis. Zoster - shingles in a dermatome arrangement.
40
Cytomegalovirus transmission
Virus is present in milk, saliva, urine and tears Sexual transmission Transplacental transmission Neonatal transmission (vaginal, milk, etc.)
41
Clinical manifestations of CMV
Congenital infections: IUGR, jaundice, HSM, anemia, encephalitis. Perinatal infections: usually ASX. CMV mononucleosis: fever, atypical lymphocytes, lymphadenopathy, hepatitis, liver dysfunction. CMV in immunosuppressed patients: severe infection patients w/ AIDS and organ transplants.
42
Group M is the most common type of... What subtype is most common in Europe, Americas, Japan and Australia?
HIV-1 Subtype B
43
HIV-1 vs. HIV-2
HIV-1 is the common form and the pathogenic form/ HIV-2 is mostly confined to Africa and less pathogenic. Can be contracted w/ HIV-1 simultaneously.
44
Most common complication of influenza infection is...
Bacterial infections - pneumonia - bronchitis - sinus infections - ear infections
45
SARS stands for: Virus involved: SX: Mortality: Groups likely to have exposure:
Severe acute respiratory syndrome. Coronavirus, zoonotic. Fever, myalgias, chills, dry cough, pleurisy. <10% mortality Healthcare/lab workers
46
Rhabdovirus is... Major outcome and COD:
Rabies Brainstem encephalitis, which inevitable once patient becomes symptomatic
47
What are Negri bodies?
Eosinophilic spots in neurons in patients w/ Rabies
48
Flaviridae include:
WNV Hantavirus Yellow fever Dengue
49
3 genera of mosquitos important in human DZ
Anopheles Aedes Culex
50
Togaviridae include: Which one is mosquito-borne?
Alphavirus (m-b) | Rubella
51
Hard tick vs. Soft tick comparison
Hard ticks: have a scutum and females are larger. More likely to parasitize -> Lyme DZ, RMSF, Tularemia, etc. Soft ticks: common ticks and have a painless bite. Tick-borne-relapsing fever is known association.
52
What are the 2 major types of outcomes from a tick infection?
Neurotoxic disorders | Tick-borne relapsing fever
53
What is fulminant hepatitis?
Severe acute hepatitis leading to liver destruction in association w/ Hep B.
54
RSV is the most common cause of.... What is an association?
Pneumonia in kids <6 mo. OM in 33% of kids infected with it.

Mechanisms of Disease Exam #3 (11 decks)

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